毕业论文外文翻译-供应链管理下的库存控制.doc

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1、附录一 中文译文 供应链管理下的库存控制供应链是围绕核心企业，通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制，从采购原材料开始，制成中间产品以及最终产品，最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构模式。它是一个范围更广的企业结构模式，它包含所有加盟的节点企业。这条链上的节点企业必须达到同步，协调运行，才有可能使链上的所有企业都能受益。这也就是供应链管理理论的核心所在。库存控制是影响供应链管理成败的重要因素之一。它直接关系着供应链成本的高低和服务质量的好坏。在供应链管理环境下，库存控制不再仅仅是某个单独企业如何降低库存水平的问题，更需要企业有全

2、局观念，促使供应链整体绩效达到最优。只有了解供应链管理环境下库存控制的特点及存在的问题才能有针对性地提出解决问题的策略和方法。一、供应链环境下的库存控制的特点 供应链环境下的库存控制不是简单的需求预测和补给，而是通过库存控制获得用户服务与利润的优化。供应链环境下的库存控制模式的最高境界是实现供应链的无缝连接，消除供应链企业之间的高库存现象。供应链管理模式赋予库存控制以下四个方面的新特点：1.供应链管理能够暴露出企业库存控制过程中的潜在问题和危机，加强库存控制程度2.供应链管理可以有效地降低社会库存量，减少库存控制成本 供应链的形成，要求对组成供应链的各个环节作出优化，建立良好的协作关系，这种关

3、系有利于促进产品快速流通，降低社会库存量，避免库存浪费和资金占用。3.供应链管理有利于企业从“库存实物控制”向“库存信息控制”的转变，实现信息化库存控制的目标4.供应链管理确保了企业库存控制的柔性和快速反应能力 供应链管理环境下，企业库存得到了优化，整个供应链中多余，呆滞的库存降到了最低点，面对市场需求的变化，企业可以迅速作出反应，调整产品或是改变策略，有效地规避了企业的经营风险。二、供应链管理环境下库存控制存在的问题 虽然从宏观理论上说，供应链管理环境下的库存控制较之传统管理下的库存控制有诸多优势，但整个供应链毕竟是由多个单一企业所构成，在实际操作中，由于每个企业对供应链管理的理解存在差异，

4、对自身企业获利程度存在担忧，甚至有些企业的独立目标与供应链的总体目标相悖等种种原因，导致在实际运用供应链管理环境下的库存控制理论和方法时，也不免会暴露出许多现实问题。目前在实践中，主要存在几个方面的问题：1.“链”上各企业仍然缺乏供应链管理的整体观念 虽然我们知道供应链的整体绩效取决于各个供应链上的节点的绩效，但是从客观上说，各个部门又都是各自独立的单元，都有各自独立的使命和经营目标。有些目标和供应链的整体目标是不相干的，更有可能是冲突的。各自为政的行为必然导致供应链整体效率的低下。2.不准确的交货状态数据 当顾客下订单时，他们想确定什么时候能交货。在等待交货的过程中，也可能会对订单交货状态进

5、行修改，特别是当交货被延迟以后。许多企业并没有及时而准确地把推迟的订单交货的修改数据提供给用户，其结果是用户的不满和良好愿望的损失。交货状态数据不及时、不准确的主要原因是信息传递系统的问题。这种数据传递的不及时，不准确，会导致客户满意度的下降，也会造成供应链中某些环节的企业为减少因这种状况的投诉过多，而不得不增加库存量。3.低效率的信息传递系统 在供应链中，各个供应链节点企业之间的需求预测，库存状态，生产计划都是供应链管理的重要数据，这些数据分布在不同的供应链组织之间，要做到有效地快速响应用户需求，目前许多企业的信息系统并没有很好地集成起来，当供应商需要了解用户的需求信息时，常常得到的是延迟的

6、信息和不准确的信息。由于延迟引起误差和影响库存量的精确度，短期生产计划的实施也会遇到困难。4.缺乏合作与协调性 在供应链管理下的库存控制中，组织障碍是库存增加的一个重要因素。供应链是一个整体，需要协调各方活动，才能取得最佳的运作效果。5.产品的过程设计没有考虑供应链上库存的影响 现代产品设计与先进制造技术的层出不穷，使产品的生产效率大幅度提高，而且具有较高的成本效益，但是供应链库存的复杂性常常被忽视了。结果所有节省下来的成本都被供应链上的分销与库存成本给抵消了。同样，在引进新产品时，如果不进行供应链的规划，也会产生如运输时间过长，库存成本高等原因而无法获得成功。三、供应链管理环境下的库存控制策

7、略 针对以上问题，结合国内外企业实践经验及理论研究成果，主要推出以下策略：1. 供应商管理库存策略即VMI（Vendor Managed Inventory）库存管理模式。供应商管理库存策略是指一种在用户和供应商之间的合作性策略，其基本设想是力图通过集成供应链上各节点企业的库存控制职能，从而达到降低整体库存费用的目的。VMI的主要思想是供应商在用户的允许下设立库存，确定库存水平，补给策略和拥有库存控制权。在这种库存控制策略下，允许上游组织对下游组织的库存策略，订货策略进行计划和管理。VMI已广泛应用于供应链管理环境下的库存控制中。2.联合库存管理策略 实践中，VMI管理模式给供应商带来了巨大压

8、力。在VMI基础上又发展起来了一种新的库存管理策略，即联合库存管理模式JMI（Joint Managed Inventory）。 JMI是一种上游企业和下游企业权利责任平衡和风险共担的库存管理模式。JMI体现了战略供应商联盟的新型企业合作关系，强调了供应链企业之间双方的互利合作关系。 联合库存管理是解决供应链系统中由于各节点企业的相互独立库存运作模式导致的需求放大现象，提高供应链的同步化程度的一种有效方法。联合库存管理强调供应链中各个节点同时参与，共同制定库存计划，使供应链过程中的每个库存管理者都从相互之间的协调性考虑，保持供应链各个节点之间的库存管理者对需求的预期保持一致，从而消除了需求变异

9、放大现象。任何相邻节点需求的确定都是供需双方协调的结果，库存管理不再是各自为政的独立运作过程，而是供需连接的纽带和协调中心。3.协同式供应链库存管理策略 协同式供应链库存管理策略（Collaborative Planning Forecasting & Replenishment），简称CPFR，它是建立在VMI和JMI的最佳分级实践基础上，同时抛弃了二者缺乏供应链集成等主要缺点，能同时降低分销商的存货量，增加供应商的销售量。它应用一系列处理过程和技术模型，覆盖整个供应链合作过程，通过共同管理业务过程和共享信息来改善分销商和供应商的伙伴关系，提高预测的准确度，最终达到提高供应链效率，降低库存和

10、提高客户满意度的目的。4.多级库存优化与控制策略 基于协调中心的联合库存管理是一种联邦式供应链库存管理策略，是对供应链的局部优化控制，而要进行供应链的全局性优化与控制，则必须采用多级库存优化与控制策略。多级库存优化与控制是在单级库存控制的基础上形成的。多级库存控制的方法有两种：一种是非中心化（分布式）策略，另一种是中心化（集中式）策略。(1)非中心化的库存控制策略。非中心化库存控制是把供应链的库存控制分为三个成本归结中心，即制造成本中心，分销成本中心，零售商的成本中心，各中心根据自己的库存成本做出优化的控制策略。非中心化的库存控制要取得整体的供应链优化效果，需要增加供应链的信息共享程度，使供应

11、链的各个部门都共享统一的市场信息。非中心化多级库存控制策略能够使企业根据自己的实际情况独立做出快速决策，有利于发挥企业自己的独立自主性和灵活机动性。非中心化的多级库存优化策略管理上比较简单，但是并不能保证产生整体的供应链优化。它需要企业之间的协调性比较好，如果协调性差，信息共享度低，有可能导致各自为政的局面。(2)中心化库存控制。中心化控制是将控制中心放在核心企业上，由核心企业对供应链系统的库存进行控制，协调上游与下游企业的库存活动。这样核心企业也就成了供应链上的数据中心（数据仓库），担负着数据的集成、协调功能。中心化库存优化控制的目标是使供应链上总的库存成本最低。用中心化策略，所有库存点的控

12、制参数是同时决定的，考虑了各个库存点的相互关系，通过协调的办法获得库存的优化。但是中心化策略在管理上协调的难度较大，特别是供应链的层次比较多，即供应链的长度增加时，更增加了协调控制的难度。综上所述，企业要想在竞争中取胜，必须迅速从传统的管理模式向供应链管理模式转变，逐渐打破库存控制中各自为政的局面，树立全局观念。根据企业所在供应链面临的库存控制实际问题，找到适合自身及供应链发展的管理策略，多种方法相结合，有的放矢，才能有效改善整个供应链的运作效率，提高其系统性和集成性，从而使各个企业在供应链中达到共赢目标。 附录二 外文资料原文 Supply chain management of inven

13、tory control Supply chain is around the core enterprise, through to the information flow, logistics, cash flow control, purchasing raw materials from the beginning, intermediate products and the final product is made, and finally by the sales network products to the hands of consumers will suppliers

14、, manufacturers, distributors and retailers, until the end user of a whole repeatedly function nets chain structure model. It is a broader enterprise structure mode, it contains all join node enterprise. This chain of nodes on the enterprise must synchronization, coordinated operation, could keep th

15、e chain of all enterprises can benefit. This is the key of the supply chain management theory. Inventory control effect the success or failure of the supply chain management is one of the important factors. It relates directly to the discretion of the supply chain cost and service quality. In under

16、the environment of supply chain management, inventory control is no longer just a single enterprise how to reduce inventory level problem, need more enterprise have global concept, and to promote the supply chain performance to achieve optimal. Only know under the environment of supply chain managem

17、ent inventory control characteristics and problems of can pertinently put forward the solution to the problem of strategies and methods.A, supply chain under the environment of the characteristics of the inventory control Under the environment of supply chain inventory control is not a simple demand

18、 forecasting and supplies, but through the inventory control for customer service and profit optimization. Under the environment of supply chain inventory control mode is the highest realm of the supply chain seamless connection, eliminate supply chain between enterprises high inventory phenomenon.

19、Supply chain management mode gives inventory control the following four new features: 1. The supply chain management can be exposed in the process of enterprise inventory control potential problems and crises, strengthen the inventory control degree 2.Supply chain management can effectively reduce t

20、he social inventory levels, reduce inventory control costs The formation of the supply chain, the requirements of various aspects of the supply chain to make optimization, establish good cooperation relationship that promote rapid product circulation, reduce social inventories, avoid inventory waste

21、 and capital to take up. 3.Supply chain management benefit to the enterprise from the physical inventory control to inventory control change, realize the goal of informatization inventory control 4.Supply chain management ensures that the enterprise inventory control of flexible and rapid response c

22、apability under the environment of supply chain management, enterprise inventory are optimized, the whole supply chain the extra, dazed inventory have hit bottom, with the change of market demand, the enterprise can make a quick reaction, adjustment of product or to change strategy, effectively evad

23、e the operating risk of an enterprise. Second, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control problems Although from the macro theory, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control compared to the traditional management of inventory control have many advantag

24、es, but the whole supply chain after all is by many single enterprise form, in practice, since each enterprise on supply chain management understanding different, to own enterprise profit level concerns exist, and even some enterprise goal of independence and supply chain the overall target of abhor

25、rent wait for a variety of causes, in actual use under the environment of supply chain management inventory control theory and method, unavoidable also can reveal many practical problems. At present in practice, there are several main aspects of the problem: 1. chain on each enterprise still lack of

26、 supply chain management of overall concept though we know of the whole supply chain performance on all nodes on the performance of the supply chain, but objectively, each department and are independent units, all have their own independent mission and business objectives. Some goals and supply chai

27、n of the overall aim is irrelevant, the more likely is the conflict. The behavior of its own free will inevitably leads to low efficiency of the whole supply chain.2. Not accurate delivery state data when the customer orders, they want to make sure when can you deliver. Waiting for the delivery proc

28、ess, also may order to delivery status is changed, especially when delivery is delayed after. Many firms have not timely and accurate delivery of order of the delay modify data provided to the user, the result is the user of discontent and the loss of good wishes. State data delivery in time, not ac

29、curate not is the main reason of the information system. This kind of data transmission is not seasonable, inaccurate, will lead to the decline of customer satisfaction, also can cause some link in the supply chain of the enterprise to reduce this situation because too many complaints, and had to in

30、crease inventories. 3. The low efficiency of information system in the supply chain, each node of the supply chain between enterprises demand forecast, stock situation, production plan is the supply chain management all the important data, these data distribution in different between the organizatio

31、n of supply chain, to do efficiently and rapidly respond to user demand, at present a lot of enterprise information system have not well integrated, when supplier need to understand the needs of the users information, often get the information and no delay accurate information. Delay due to cause er

32、rors and influence the accuracy of the stock, short-term production the implementation of the plan will also face difficulties. 4. Lack of cooperation and coordination in the supply chain management of inventory control, the organization obstacle is the increase of the inventory is an important fact

33、or. Supply chain is a whole, need to coordinate all activities, to achieve the best effect of operation. 5. The process of product design without considering the influence of the supply chain inventory modern product design and advanced manufacturing technology emerge in endlessly, make the product

34、production efficiency greatly improved, and with high cost benefit, but the complexity of the supply chain inventory is often ignored. Results all saving cost is the distribution and supply chain to offset the cost of inventory. Similarly, in introducing new products, if not to supply chain planning

35、, also can produce such as transportation time is too long, inventory cost is high and cannot succeed reasons. Three, under the environment of supply chain management inventory control strategy according to the problems,combining domestic and foreign enterprise practice experience and theory researc

36、h, mainly launch the following strategy: 1 supplier management Inventory strategy that is VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) Inventory management mode. Vendor management inventory strategy is to point to a way between suppliers and users of cooperative strategy, the basic idea is to through the integrat

37、ed supply chain on the nodal enterprises of the inventory control functions, so as to achieve the purpose of lower overall inventory costs. VMI is the main ideas of the supplier in the users permission set up under the inventory, confirm the inventory level, supply strategy and have stock control. I

38、n this inventory control strategy, allow the organization to upstream of the downstream tissues inventory strategy, ordering strategy planning and management. VMI has been widely used in under the environment of supply chain management in the inventory control. 2. Joint inventory management strategy

39、 in practice, VMI management mode to suppliers to bring a lot of pressure. VMI in again on the foundation developed a new Inventory management strategy, is the Inventory management mode JMI (Joint Managed Inventory). JMI is a kind of upstream and downstream enterprise right enterprise responsibility

40、 balance and share the risk of inventory management mode. JMI embodies the strategic supplier alliances new enterprise cooperation relations, the emphasis on the supply chain enterprise mutually beneficial cooperation between both sides. Joint inventory management is to solve the supply chain system

41、 because each node in the enterprise independent inventory operation mode in demand amplification phenomenon, improve the supply chain of the synchronization degree of a kind of effective method. Joint inventory management emphasis on each node in the supply chain and participate in, make joint stoc

42、k plan, make each of the supply chain process inventory managers have come from mutual coordination consideration, keep supply chain between each node of the inventory managers of demand expectations remain consistent, thus eliminating the demand variation amplification phenomenon. Any adjacent node

43、 determine the demand is both the supply and the demand coordination of result, inventory management is no longer the fragmented independent operation process, but the supply and demand of the connection link and the coordination center. 3. XieTongShi supply chain inventory management strategy XieTo

44、ngShi supply chain inventory management strategy (Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment), hereinafter referred to as the CPFR, it is based on the best classification JMI and VMI based on practice, and abandon the lack of supply chain integration between main faults, can also reduce th

45、e amount of stock of distributors, increase sales of suppliers. It used a series of treatment process and technology model, covering the whole supply chain cooperation process, through the joint management business process and share information to improve the distributors and suppliers of partnershi

46、p, increase the prediction accuracy, eventually to improve the supply chain efficiency, reduce inventory and the purpose of improving customer satisfaction. 4. Multilevel inventory optimization and control strategy based on coordination center of inventory management is a joint LianBangShi supply ch

47、ain inventory management strategy, is to supply chain of local optimization control, but must carry on the supply chain global optimization and control, it must use multilevel inventory optimization and control strategy. Multi-stage inventory optimization and control is in the single stage formed on

48、 the basis of the inventory control. Multi-stage inventory control method has two kinds: one kind is suppressive (distributed) strategy, and the other is the suppressive (centralized) strategy. （1）the suppressive inventory control strategy. The suppressive inventory control is the supply chain inventory control can be divided into three cost down center, namely the manufacturing cost center, distribution cost center, retailers, and cost center, each center according to their own inventory cost optimization control strategy is made. The suppressive in