毕业论文外文翻译-正在兴起的巴西采矿业.doc

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1、附录1：外文资料翻译译文正在兴起的巴西采矿业奥里藏特巴西的矿业生产目前正处在上升期。巴西的矿藏很丰富，它现在生产70多种矿物，其中金属矿有21种；铌、钽资源储量占世界第一位。锡和石墨储量占世界第二位，铁矿资源占世界第五位。它目前的生产矿山有1900多个，但主要是一些生产非金属的小型矿山，如花岗岩、装饰用的石材和高岭土矿山。近年来巴西发现了大量的铝土矿和铜矿资源，使巴西成为了世界上一个铝和铜资源的供应国。由于国际价格和国际市场需求的上升。巴西2003年的矿石与金属的生产总额比上一年升高28，其产值达到了241亿美元。巴西的矿藏主要分布在南部与东南地区，主要产地是米纳斯吉拉斯州(Minas Ger

2、ais)和圣保罗州(Sao Paulo)，但是最近几年，巴西在巴拉州(Para)和亚马孙州(Amazonas)也进行了大量的投资，进行地质勘探，希望在那里找到尚未发现的矿物资源。 巴西主要的装饰石材生产基地是巴伊亚州(Bahia)，采矿设备的主要制造中心是圣保罗州，其次是贝洛奥里藏特(Belo Horizonte)。兴起历程巴西的大多数历史学家认为。巴西的现代化采矿工业的诞生，可以追溯到1934年。那一年，巴西公布了一部采矿法和新宪法。保证人们可以自由开发地下矿物。这促进了对地质勘探和采矿的投资。也就是在这一年，巴西成立了全国矿业生产局(The National Mineral Product

3、ion Depa一mentDNPM)。这个局现在仍然是负责采矿管理、发放地质勘探许可证的权威机构。在第二次世界大战期间，由于巴西与美国签订有经济协议：巴西要用矿物资源支援美国的战争能力, . 因此，巴西成立了CVRD和CSN两家矿业公司。这两家矿业公司后来进行了私有化，在当今的国际市场上，保持其重要地位。在20世纪60年代。由于采矿业在国民经济中的战略重要性增长，巴西的采矿行业有了自己的独立部门 巴西成立了能源矿山部。在连续5届军政府(19641984年)的管制下开展工作。但是这期间巴西的采矿业确实是起飞了。当时巴西在一个强硬的、强制性的军政府领导下。为了引进国外投资。巴西使用了有力的经济刺激

4、措施：政府允许大的外国公司，如Alcoa、Alcan、AngloAmerican公司在巴西合并存在。同期。巴西的地质局和巴西采矿协会也成立巴西地质局成立的目的是要鼓励地质勘探而巴西采矿协会的成立是为了把国外的投资吸引到巴西。到了1988年，巴西出现了一种对先前采取的经济政策的不满情绪。在这种不满情绪的鼓动下，产生了一部新宪法。这部新宪法的执行损害了外国人在巴西的经营业务和利益外国人在巴西合作采矿的大多数股份被简单地剥夺了 因此使巴西的经济出现了严重的衰退：生产量下降。乘势而上从1995年起到现在，巴西国内最大的采矿公司 CVRD公司，已经成为世界最大的铁矿生产商。在这10年中，外国资本返回了巴

5、西。让巴西最终赶上了经济全球化的浪潮。但是。这也促使巴西的矿业所有权的大量集中10家大公司占领了市场53的份额而且最后激发起产品大量出口巴西2003年所有矿物和金属的总出口量比2002年上升22其出口额总量达到173亿美元最终贸易收支创历史纪录盈余465亿美元为上一年的2倍。出口的矿物主要是铁矿石、铝土矿、高岭土和按标准规格尺寸生产的建筑用石材。而这些出口的矿物的主要接受国家是中国、德国、13本和美国。 这10年所取得的质的飞跃使巴西从国内走上了国际舞台。CVRD最近也提高了它们的市场份额。几亿美元的投资已经花在收购、提高生产、改善环境和社会工作上。这些措施使得与生产相关的事故和污染环境的废物

6、量明显减少，行业形象显著改善。下游产品的生产和力图对生产链提高附加值、提供总承包系统和多种服务的分支机构也发生了巨大的变化。结果，一些大型采矿公司现在正在提升它们的转包给地方公司的合同从地质勘探和咨询到全部技术与工程的支持，这样就可以扩展市场的基础。例如铝和钢的生产量的增长已经培育了汽车工业和国内应用市场上更新的乐观前景。现在的巴西显示了稳定发展经济所必需的所有必要条件，其中采矿业是注定起主要作用的。宏观经济的稳定，一个相当大的消费市场和一个大的、有经验和技能的技术工人的人才库应该鼓励地方的和外国的公司在未来的年代里保持和提高它们的投资。虽然，繁琐的文件程序的减少，资本比较容易进入但是，大量的

7、基础工作仍然是短缺作为一个世界市场的主导者巴西还需要定位。2004年初， 巴西的采矿能源部长蒂尔马诺斯瑟夫(DilmaRousseff)宣布：采矿要作为现任政府优先考虑发展的部门将对地质勘探进行大量投资对全国矿业生产局进行改组也将提到议事13程正在把希望变成事实。政府支持支持采矿与能源矿开发是巴西2004年2007年最新工业发展计划的主要内容。为了保持现行的出口繁荣寻求资本卢拉政府已经答应对采矿与能源部门投资300 。另外，一个关于改革国家采矿协会的计划也正在酝酿之中。这反映了政府对于降低成本、提高效率的决心与意愿。为了解决这些问题，卢拉总统在2004年初签署了一项临时提案，以期促进采矿与能源

8、的开发效率得以提高。临时提案的主要意思是将石油、天然气勘探税收人的40，重新分配给采矿与能源部门。采矿能源部门使用这笔资金投入基础地质调查、国家测绘和能源市场的扩大。巴西地质协会的负责人Vicente Pereira解释说政府对采矿勘探投资短缺的13子似乎正在结束可望从新的地质调查工作中得到更多的信息了,他有一个几十个人的小型勘探咨询公司正在亚马孙雨林地带的困难地形区开展地质调查。米纳斯吉拉斯州，是巴西的第一个生产矿山和世界上最大的铁矿石矿山所在地，有“铁矿石广场”之称。这里也是巴西许多有经验的采矿工程师、采矿咨询专家和环境、化学、教育等方面的专家的培养基地。大铁矿巴西大铁矿最古老的采矿地是米

9、纳斯吉拉斯州的奥罗普雷图(Ouro Preto)镇，这个铁矿是葡萄牙人在1698年发现的。在过去几个世纪里累积起来的采矿经验和知识、学问， 由位于这个城镇的、最古老的、致力于采矿的技术大学传授下来，一直到现在。目前，奥罗普雷图镇仍然是铁矿、黄金矿和装饰用石材矿的盛产地采矿业和旅游也在当地经济生活中占优势。附录2：外文原文Is on the rise Brazil mines industryBelo HorzonteBrazils mining industry production is occupying at present the rise time.Brazilsmineral re

10、source is very rich, it produces 70 many kinds of minerals now, in which metal ore has 21 kinds; The niobium, the tantalum resources reserves occupies first in the world.The tin andthe graphite reserves occupy second in the world, the iron ore resources occupy world fifth.It the production mine has

11、more than 1900 at present, but mainly is some livesproduces the nonmetallic small mine, like granite, for decorative or ornamental purpos stone material and kleit mine.In recent years Brazil had discovered the massive bauxite and the copper mine resources, caused Brazil to become in the world an alu

12、minum and the copper capitalsource supply country.Because the international price and international market demand on rises.Brazil 2003 ore and the metal total output volume compared the last year to elevate 2.8%, its output value has amounted to 24,100,000,000 US dollars.Brazils mineral resource mai

13、nly distributes in the south and southeast the area, the host wants the habitat is Mi Nasi the lucky Russ state (Minas Gerais) and the saint guarantees Luo Zhou (Sao Paulo), but the recent several years, Brazil and amazon state (Amazonas) has also carried on the massive investments in Para state (Pa

14、ra), carries on the geological prospecting, hoped found the mineral resources in there which not yet discovered.Brazils mineral resource mainly distributes in the south and southeast the area, the host wants the habitat is Mi Nasi the lucky Russ state (Minas Gerais) and the saint guarantees Luo Zhou

15、 (Sao Paulo), but the recent several years, Brazil and amazon state (Amazonas) has also carried on the massive investments in Para state (Para), carries on the geological prospecting, hoped found the mineral resources in there which not yet discovered.Starts the courseBrazils majority historians tho

16、ught.Brazils modernization mining industry birth, might trace to 1934.That year, Brazil announced a mining method and the new constitution.Guaranteed the people may develop the underground mineral freely.This promoted to the geological prospecting and the mining investment. Also was in this year, Br

17、azil has established the national mining industryproduction bureau.This bureau now still was responsibleto mine the tube principle,theprovide geological prospecting permit authoritative organization.In Second World War period, because Brazilian and the American bamboo slip subscribes has the economi

18、cal agreement: Brazil must use the mineral resources to support USs war struggle ability,Therefore, Brazil has established CVRD and the CSN two ore industry companies.These two mining industry company has afterwards carried on the privatization, in the now international market, maintains its importa

19、nt status.In 20th century 60s.Because mines industry grows in the national economy strategic importance, Brazils mining profession had own independent department - - Brazil to establish the energy mine department. After this had been established,in ontinual 5 sessions of military governments (196419

20、84 years) under the tube system does the work.But this period Brazils mining industry truly took off.At that time. Under Brazil in one strong, the compulsory armed forces government leads.In order to introduce the investments abroad.Brazil used had the strength economical stimulation measure: The go

21、vernment permits the big foreign corporation, like Alcoa,Alcan,Anglo-American Corporation gathers coexisting in Brazil in. Same time, Brazils geological bureau also establishes the Brazilian Geology Bureau be established goal with Brazilian Mining Association is must encourage the geological prospec

22、ting. But west Pakistan mines associations establishment is for attracts the overseas investment to Pakistan west. To in 1988, Brazil appeared one kind to economic policy dissatisfaction which formerly adopted.In under this kind of dissatisfaction agitation, has had a new constitution.This new const

23、itution execution has harmed outside the people cooperates the mining majority stocks in Brazils management service and the benefit- - foreigner in Brazil to deprive simply. Therefore, caused Brazils economy to appear the serious decline: Productivity drop. Takes advantage of a favorable situation o

24、nFrom 1995 to the present, Brazilian home biggest mining male departments - - CVRD Corporation, already becomes the world biggest iron ore production business.In this 10 years, the foreign capital returned to Brazil.Let Brazil finally catch up with the economical globalization tide.But, this also ur

25、ged Brazils mining industry property rights to concentrate .10 big companies to seize the market 53% share massively. Moreover finally stimulated the product to be massive mouth Brazil in 2003 all minerals and the metal total volume of exports compares in 2002 to rise 22%. Its export amount total qu

26、antity amounts to 17,300,000,000 US dollars. The final trade revenue and expenditure creates the historical record. Earnings 4,650,000,000 US dollars. For previous year 2 times.The exportation mineral mainly is the iron ore, the alumina ore, the kleit and according to the standard specification size

27、 production structural purpose stone material.But these exportation mineral mainly accepted the country is China, Germany, 13 the qualitative leap which obtained with American these 10 years institute enable Brazil from domestically to walk the international scene. CVRD recently also enhanced it mar

28、ket share.Several hundred million US dollars investments already spent in the purchase,the enhancement production, the improvement environment and in the social work. These measures cause reduce with the production related accident and the pollution environment waste quantity obviously few, professi

29、on image remarkable improvement.The downstream product production and tried hard to produce the chain to enhance the added value, to provide the primary contractor systematic and many kinds of clothing service branch office has also had the huge change.Finally,some arge-scale mining company is promo

30、ting their subcontract to give the place male department now the contract. And consults from the geological prospecting to complete technical and the project support, like this may expand the market the foundation.For example. Aluminum and steel productivity growth. Had already cultivated in the aut

31、omobile industry and the country applies the optimistic prospect which in the market renews.The present Brazil had demonstrated the stable development economy must all essential conditions, in which picks the mining industry is doomed the main function. The macroscopic economical stability,a quite b

32、ig expense market and big, have the experience and the skill technical workers talent bank. Will be supposed to encourage the place and the foreign company in the future age. Maintains and enhances their investment.Although, the tedious document procedure reduction, the capital quite is easy to ente

33、r into. But, the massive foundation work still was short. As a world market leadership. Brazil also needs to locate.In 2004 at the beginning of, Brazils mining energy Minister Teele the horse Nourse Chinese zither husband (Dilma Rousseff) announced that,Mining must take the incumbent government firs

34、t considered sends unfolds the department. Will carry on the massive investments to the geological prospecting. Will carry on the reorganization to the national mining industry production bureau also to mention will discuss official business 13 regulations. Was hoping becomes true.Government support

35、 Support mining and the energy ore development is Brazil in 2004 2007 year newest industrial development plan primary coverage.In order to maintain the present exportation prosperity to seek the capital. The Lula government alreadycomplied to mining and the energy department invests 30,000,000 US do

36、llars. Moreover complies to solve about the underground mineral resource exploitment right many dispute questionsMoreover,about reform Country Mining Associations plan also fermentation.This had reflected the government regarding reduces the cost, enhances the efficiency definitely the heart and the

37、 wish.In order to solve these problems, President Lula signed bureau a temporary proposal in at the beginning of 2004, could enhance by time promotion mining and the energy development efficiency.The temporary proposal main meaning is the petroleum, the gas probing tax revenue person 40%, redistribu

38、tes for mining and can the source department.The mining energy department uses this fund to invest the foundation nature investigation, the national mapping and the energy market expansion.Brazilian Geology Associations person in charge Vicente the Pereira explanation said. The government is tying t

39、o the mining exploration investment short 13 sub-as if knots. Hoped to obtain more information him from the new geological investigation work to have a several dozens individual small exploration consultant firm amazon rain forest region difficult physiographic division development geological invest

40、igation. Mi Nasi lucky Russ state, is in Brazils first production mine and the world the biggest iron ore mine locus, has “the iron ore square” the name.Here also is Brazilian many experienced miner Cheng Shi, mining consults aspect and so on expert and environment, chemistry, education experts rais

41、e bases.Big iron oreThe Brazilian big iron ore most ancient mining is Mi Nasi lucky Russ state Austria Ouro Preto the town, this iron ore was the Portuguese grapes middleman discovers in 1698.Mining experience and knowledge, knowledge accumulated which in past several centuries, by was located this

42、cities ancient, devotes in the mining technical university teaches, continuously to present. At present, Austria Luo the Prey chart town still was the iron ore, the yellow gold ore and for decorative or ornamental purpos the stone material ore is rich in. Mining industry and the traveling also gets

43、the advantage in the local economic life.五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手。具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思

44、基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。四大工具： 1、Google翻译： google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的

45、翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译： CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。

46、主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）： 4、有道在线翻译：翻译时的速度：这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业

47、翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本英汉科学技术词典，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。 我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，个人总结如下： 1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，

48、在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白（你重视的论文）；懂得其某部分讲了什么（你需要参考的部分论文），在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信，你可以试一试 2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索，这个过程是我们对文章再回顾，而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时，将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细，而且中英文对照写的比较详细。 3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了，万事不是说成的，它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样，你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的，一遍不行，可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。呵呵，我想我是这么觉得的。