深圳2018初中英语语法.docx
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1、初中英语语法名词考点一 可数名词的复数形式1. 规则变化情况构成方法例词一般情况加-spen-pens; doctor-doctors; map-maps以s,x,ch,sh结尾加-esbus-buses; box-boxes; watch-watches; brush-brushes以辅音字母加y结尾将y变为i再加-esfactory-factories; family-families以元音字母加y结尾只加-sboy-boys; day-days以o结尾加-esNegro-Negroes; hero-heroes; potato-potatoes;tomato-tomatoes巧记:黑人英
2、雄喜欢吃土豆和西红柿。(两人两菜)加-sphoto-photos; radio-radios; piano-pianos以f或fe结尾将f或fe变为v再加-esWife-wives; thief-thieves; shelf-shelves; knife-knives; wolf-wolves; half-halves; leaf-leaves; life-lives巧记:妻见小偷架下藏,手拿小刀想杀狼,谁知落下半片页,砸在头上一命亡。加-sroof-roofs2. 不规则变化(1) man-men; woman-women; child-children; foot-feet; tooth-
3、teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice巧记:男女孩子脚步牙鹅加老鼠。(2) 单复数相同:sheep-sheep; deer-deer; fish-fish注意:fish强调鱼的条数的时候,单复数同形;强调鱼的种类的时候,复数形式要加-es,即fishes.(3) 某国人变复数的歌诀:中日不变英法变,其余-s加后面。Chinese-Chinese; Japanese-Japanese; Englishman-Englishmen; Frenchman-Frenchmen;American-Americans(4) 有些名词本身是复数形式,如:clothes; pants;
4、trousers; jeans; shorts; glasses; people等。注意:people当“人们”讲时,本身是复数形式;当“民族”讲时,是单数形式,其复数要在末尾加-s。如:a people; 56 peoples3. 复合名词的数(1) 一般情况下把后面一个名词变为复数,作定语的名词不变。a girl student - five girl students;an apple tree - en apple trees(2) 由man和woman构成的复合名词,变复数时要把名词和man/woman同时变为复数。a man doctor - three men doctors;
5、a woman teacher - six women teachers(3) sport作定语修饰其他名词时,无论主题词是单数还是复数,sport通常用复数形式。A sports club; sports shoes注意:时间名词作定语有两种形式:两天的假期a two-day holiday 或 two days holiday十分钟的路程 a ten-minute ride 或 a ten minutes ride对点集训:. 汉译英。1. 五个西红柿 2. 两把刀 3. 八个桃子4. 一些女作家 5. 许多小孩 6. 四名美国人.用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. The little ba
6、by has two (tooth)already.2. There are three (bedroom)in this house.3. His parents work in different (factory).4. There are many (sheep)on the hill.考点二 不可数名词1. 不可数名词没有复数形式,前面不能用不定冠词a/an 修饰,但可用much, a lot of/ lots of, plenty of, some, little, a little等修饰。作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。2. 不可数名词还常用“数词/不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”
7、来表示不可数名词的量。a piece of paper 一张纸, two cups of tea两杯茶, a glass of water一杯水, three bottles of pop 三瓶汽水。作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于of前面的名词的数。There are three glasses of orange juice on the table.对点集训:.用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. a little (milk)2. some (meat)3. A lot of (time)4. Three (cup)of coffee5. Much (money)6. Two (pair)of
8、trousers.根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。1. There is some (面包)on the table.2. I have some good (消息)for you.3. I have a lot of (作业)to do today.4. We can get a lot of (信息)from the Internet.考点三 名词所有格1. s 所有格情况方法例子单数名词加smy friends uncle我朋友的叔叔以s结尾的复数名词加Teachers Day 教师节不以s结尾的复数名词加sChildrens Day 儿童节表示两人共有在最后一个名词后加sLucy and
9、 Lilys mother露西和莉莉的妈妈表示各自所有在每个名词后分别加sLucys and Lilys rooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间2. of 所有格主要用于表示无生命事物的所有关系。The name of the film电影的名字The cover of the book书的封面3. 双重所有格“名词+ of + 名词性物主代词/名词所有格”构成双重所有格形式。A friend of hers她的一个朋友A friend of Mikes 迈克的一个朋友对点集训:.汉译英。1. 妇女节 Day 2. 汤姆的朋友 friend3. 我父亲的书 my book4. 房间的门 the do
10、or the house5. 今天的报纸 newspaper6. 十分钟的休息 ten rest.用所给的词的适当形式填空。1. The (city)scenery is very beautiful.2. At last, he arrived at the (doctor)at twenty to five.3. The boy in blue is a friend of (Lucy).4. We should learn those (players)team spirit.考点四 专有名词专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。它的第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前不加冠词。1.表
11、示人名、尊称和头衔的专有名词Einstein 爱因斯坦President Obama 奥巴马总统Doctor Lin 林博士/林医生Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王二世Mr Brown 布朗先生注意:人名的前面若有尊称或头衔,如Mr(先生),President(总统)等时,其第一个字母也要大写。2. 表示国名、地名、山河名的专有名词Korea 韩国 Paris 巴黎 Pacific Ocean 太平洋 Mississippi密西西比河Mt.Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰3. 表示团体、机构和报刊的专有名词Museum of Postal History 邮政博物馆China Da
12、ily 中国日报Sydney Opera House 悉尼歌剧院Harvard University哈佛大学4.表示星期、月份和节日的专有名词Monday星期一 March 三月 National Day 国庆节5.由普通名词构成的专有名词the North Pole北极 the River Nile 尼罗河The Forbidden City 紫禁城 the Bund 上海外滩The Great wall 长城 the Temple of Heaven 天坛The White House 白宫 the Terracotta Warriors 兵马俑The Peoples Republic o
13、f China 中华人民共和国注意:上面列举的由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”,但它的首字母不大写。二、 代词考点一 人称代词1. 人称代词的分类人称主格宾格单数复数单数复数第一人称Iwemeus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hetheyhimthemsheheritit2. 人称代词的用法人称代词的主格在句中作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语。We are middle school students.我们是初中生。I wrote a letter to him last week.上周我给他写了一封信。注意:人称代词作表语时,在口语中常用宾格。3. 人称代词的语序4.
14、几个人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序是:单数:二、三、一;复数:一、二、三。You,she and I will study in a group。你、她还有我将在一个组里学习。We, you and they are all students.我们,你们还有他们都是学生。巧记:人称代词的排列顺序人称代词并列观,注意顺序礼貌见。单数并列二、三、一,复数并列一、二、三。对点集训:根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。1. (他)knows a lot about Chinese history.2. To tell you the truth, I dont like (她).3. I lost my bo
15、ok. Now I am looking for (它).4. Do (你)want to have a try?5. (我们)should work hard.6. The box is too heavy. Can you help (我).考点二 物主代词1. 物主代词的分类人称形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数复数单数复数第一人称myourmineours第二人称youryouryoursyours第三人称histheirhistheirsherhersitsits巧记:物主代词分两家,形、名词性各一霸。His, its无变化, my, mine牢记它。其余变化规律化,名词性后面加尾巴
16、(-s)2. 物主代词的用法(1) 形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。That is our classroom. 那是我们的教室。注意:在某些固定短语中,形容词性物主代词要随人称而变化。如:do/try ones best, Change ones mind, do ones homework, on ones way to, save ones life等。(2) 名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词 + 名词”,可作主语、表语或宾语。This is your pen. Mine is in my pencil case.这是你的钢笔。我的在我的铅笔盒里。(3) 用于双重所有格中,即“a
17、/an + 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词”He is a friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友。巧记:物主代词的用法物主代词两类型,形容词性、名词性。形容词性作定语,后面定把名词用。名词性,独立用,主宾表语它都充。对点集训:用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. (you)dress is very beautiful.2. The girl in bed is (she)elder sister.3. I have a dog. (it)name is Strong.4. Thats not my dictionary. (I)is on the desk.5. My compute
18、r is cheaper than (he).6. The gloves are (their).考点三 反身代词1. 反身代词的单复数形式 数人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself, herself, itselfthemselves2. 反身代词的用法(1) 作宾语,位于及物动词或介词之后。The boy teaches himself English. 这个男孩儿自学英语。(2) 作主语或宾语的同位语,用以加强语气,可以放在主语之后或句尾。John himself did the work. = John di
19、d the work himself.约翰亲自做了这项工作。注意:反身代词不可作定语,常用“ones own”表示“某人自己的”This is my own car. 这是我自己的小汽车。3. 反身代词常用于一些固定搭配中teach oneself 自学learn by oneself 自学enjoy oneself 过得愉快;玩得开心devote oneself to 致力于;献身于come to oneself 苏醒say to oneself 心里想;自言自语help oneself to 随便吃by oneself 亲自for oneself 为自己;独自的of oneself 自动的
20、;自发的hurt oneself 受伤对点集训:用适当的反身代词填空。1. Please help to some fruit, children.2. They enjoyed at the party last night.3. No one helped him. He did it by .4. The box is not heavy. I can manage it .5. She is selfish; she cares only for .6. Thanks to the Internet, the world is becoming a much smaller place
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