钢筋的热处理 毕业论文外文文献翻译.doc

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1、外文翻译THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT OF REINFORCING STEELV. Goryany* and V. Radsinsky*Institut for Applied Materials Technology University of Duisburg,Lotharstr. 65, 47057 Duisburg, Germany*Dnepropetrovsk,Ukraine(Received 12 October 2002; accepted 15 December 2002)AbstractThe work deals with application o

2、f interstand and afterdeformation cooling of coiled (10, 12 mm) and reinforcing (14,16 mm) bar steel in the accelerated cooling installations behind the prefinishing and finishing stands of the light-section mill which provides the formation of the even fine-grained ferrite-perlite structure and red

3、uces grain growth in the mid section of the coil. The application of the roll stock interstand cooling behind the 11th stand together with the afterdeformation accelerated roll stock cooling to 800-8500C enabled us getting reinforcing bar steel diameter 14mm with high impact strength.Keywords: therm

4、omechanical treatment, reinforcing steel1.Introduction Some research works 1- 4 demonstrate that even fine-grained structure and increase in steel mechanic properties can be achieved in two ways:a) Introduction of the powerful carbide-forming elements and microalloyingadditions during steelmaking in

5、 combination with strict cycles of plastic deformation and braking of austenite recrystallisation at the expense of it;b) Rolled stock cooling in interdeformation pauses for reducing the temperatureat the end of rolling and a controlled afterdeformation cooling, impeding recristallisation. The main

6、advantage of the second method are economical reasons and a possibility to increase perfomance characteristics of low-carbon steels.The main condition of realization of the technological process of thermal strengthening is working-out of coolers providing intensive rolled stock cooling combined with

7、 its hydrotransportation on the site where the coolers have been installed at the rolling speed up to 20 m/s.The purpose of this work is to find ways of obtaining looping reinforcing steel diameter 10-16mm St3sp (GOST 380-71) with even fine-dispersed structure and increasing the mechanical propertie

8、s by interstand rolled stock controlled cooling.2. ExperimentalFor this purpose accelerated cooling installation has been worked out consisting of injecting funnel 1, cooling stand 2, injector 3 (Fig.1). In the case of direct-flow cooling, a cutter 4 is used. Fig 1. Accelerated cooler schemeIt is in

9、stalled in the place of the outlet pipe behind the 11th stand and attached to the outlet bar. A cooling stand is a pipe with the inner diameter 40 mm and 1500 mm in length, which provides required cooling of rolled-stock to the calculated temperature and its safe hydrotransportation.Injector is a se

10、aled case inside of which a roll cone with two cams moves its purpose is generation of required water blow velocity in the cooling stand.The passing hole diameter for the metal inside the case is 40 mm. A ring-shaped gap is installed on the injector depending on the rolled-stock diameter and for the

11、 required cooling rate in the cooling zone. It provides the necessary water consumption at the continuous pressure at the injectors inlet.An inlet roll cone is used for rolled-stock reception and directing it to the cooling zone. It is a funnel-shaped hole changing into a cylindrical one (diameter i

12、s 40mm).The cutter is used to reduce the water flow velocity and for water dascharge. Its a pipe with conical wires inside. There are holes at the bottom of the pipe for water discharge.One side of the cut-off chamber is attached to the cooling stand, another one is attached to the inlet roll cone.

13、The counter flow device for accelerated cooling is used for after-deformation cooling. It consists of an injector (like the one described above), a cooling chamber (length 480 mm) with the inner diameter 40 mm; and the injecting funnel.The cooling device is installed behind the 13th finishing stand

14、when rolling reinforcing bar steel 14-16mm in diameter.The rolled stock accelerated cooling installation is connected with the highpressure pipe by means of flexible hose and lock-device.2.1. Process flow diagramProcess flow diagrams of making coiled and reinforcing bar steel have been developed and

15、 tested. Diameters are 10, 12, 14, 16 mm respectively.Metal rolling to the 11th stand was made according to the existing technology. From the 11 stand, a process workpiece (diameter 16 mm) goes to the cooling chamber, then to the stands 12, 13, 17, 19, where is deformed with drawing =1.17; 1.18; 1.1

16、7; 1.18 respectively (for 10). For 12 mm diameter drawing in stands is 1.2; 1.168; 1.203; 1.17 respectively. Total drawing is 10 =1.938 and 12 =1.954. Later rolled stock is being coiled. When making steel 10 mm in diameter, two rates of stands cooling were investigated: the first - to cooling temper

17、ature of 920C, the second - to the temperature of 950C and the third hot-rolled state (for comparison). The temperature of hot-rolled steel is 1050C. The coiling temperature is 1010C in the first case and in the second one 1010-1020C.Reinforcing bar steel 12 mm diameter was thermal strained under tw

18、o rates: the first to 950C, the second to 980C, which were compared to hot-rolled state (without cooling) rolling temperature of 1050C.The coiling temperature is 1020C in the first case in the second one -1030C and of hot-rolled coil - 1050C.The conditions of production of reinforcing bar steel enab

19、le putting into practice the most perspective kinds of thermal strain. It means that accelerated steel cooling in interdeformation pauses and after deformation to the initial temperature of phase transformations. This method decelerates process of deformed austenite recrystallisation and results in

20、production of fine-grained structure, defining the high level of mechanical properties including impact strength at low temperatures.Reiforcing bar steels rolling rates (14 mm), with controlled inferstand and afterdeformation cooling, were investigated using two accelerated cooling devices; the firs

21、t counter flow installation 1500 mm length is behind the 11th stand; the second counter-flow (480 mm) is behind the prefinishing stands (12th, 13th). Process workpiece have been cooled in the counter flow accelerated cooler after deformation in the 11th stand to certain temperature, then it passed t

22、o 12th and 13th stands and was deformed with drawing =1.2; 1.68 respectively.Steel was directed to the second cooler from stand 13th with three cooling rates 840 750-770C; 920 840-820C; 950 940C (under this rate water was not directed into the second cooler).A controlled afterdeformation cooling to

23、temperature 800-780C may be used at reinforcing bar steel production 16mm in diameter. These temperatures prevent recrystallisation processes at full rate.By means of the device described above the conditins of fittings (16 mm) rolling were investigated to minimum possible temperatures (from 870 to

24、970C).Utilization of reinforcing steel technology using counter flow accelerated coolers behind stands 11th and 13th affords to reduce metal temperature and to equalize it according rolled stocks length and plane.2.2 Metallographic examination of reinforcing steelThe structure of hot-rolled reinforc

25、ing steel St3sp diameter 10, 12, 14 mm is ferrite- globular perlite grains corresponding to scale number 8-9 GOST 5639-82 (Fig.2). Ferrite-perlite percentage is F-90% P-10%. Perlite is thin-plated (distance between cementite is 0.3-0.8 m) and placed on ferrite grains joints.Interstand steel cooling

26、(diameter 10-14mm) to temperature 950C results in slight perlite phase growing (F-85%, P-15%) (Fig.3). Perlite grains are placed on joints and partly on ferrite grains boundaries. Grain size corresponds of scale number 9 GOST 5639-82. Perlit dispercity is 0.3-0.5 m (GOST 3443-87 at 500- multiplegrow

27、th ).Interstandand afterdeformation reinforcing steel cooling (cooling temperature in injector 1st 920C, in injectior 2nd 820-840C), steel diameter 14 mm changes greatly perlite dispersity to 0.3 m (Fig. 4a,b). Grain size corresponds of scale number 9 GOST 5639-82. The sharp cooling (cooling tempera

28、ture in injector 1st is 840C, in the other one is 750-770C) results in steel structure grinding (Fig. 4c,d).a)b)c)Fig. 2. Steel microstructure St3sp diameter 10 (a), 12 (b), 14 (c) in hot - rolled state. Magnification x100a )b)Fig. 3. Steel microstructure St3sp diameter 10(a), 12(b) mm rolled with i

29、nterstand cooling to 950C. Magnification x100a)b)c)d)Fig 4. Steel microstructure St3sp diameter 14mm rolled by means of inferstand and afterdeformation cooling (Magnification: a, c - x100; b,d - x800):a, b - interstand cooling to 9400C and afterdeformation accelerated cooling to 8400C. c, d - inters

30、tand cooling to 8400C and afterdeformation accelerated cooling to 7400C.Even-grained ferrite - perlite structure can be observed on the polish section plane. Graine size corresponds to scale number 10-12. Perlite grains are placed along ferrite grains boundaries. Ferrite percentage is 80%, perlite p

31、ercentage is 20%. Perlite component dispercity increases (less than 0.3 mm at increase 500)Steel cooling ( 16mm) after deformation to the temperature 920-980C results in slight grain grinding (Fig 5). Perlite-ferrite grain size corresponds to scale number 89.Perlite placed on ferrite grains joints i

32、s thin-plated (to 0.3 m). Ferrite percentage is 85%, perlite is 15%. a)b)Fig 5. Steel microstructure St3sp diameter 16mm after rolling and accelerated cooling to 9200C (Magnification: a - x100, b - x 800)3. ConclusionInterstand and afterdeformation cooling of hot-rolling steel St3sp diameter 10-16 m

33、m affords to influence greatly the quality of rolled stock at the expense of reducing of metal temperature and equalizing on the process workprice length and plane. The high level of mechanical properties and impact strength at low temperatures is achieved as a result of even fine-grained structure

34、formation.References1. F.P.Pickering, Physical Metallurgy and the design of steels, Materials science series, Applied Science publishers Ltd, (1978).2. M.I.Goldstein, V.M.Farber, Dispersional strengthening of steel, Metallurgy, Moscow, (1978), p.208, (in Russian).3. Proceeding of the International C

35、onference “Microalloying 95”, Iron and Steel Society, Inc. Pittsburg, PA, (1995), p.453.4. W. Dahl, M.Hagen, K. Karhausen, Stahl und Eisen, 11(1991) 4, p. 113-119. (in German).钢筋的热处理V. Goryany* and V. Radsinsky*应用材料技术研究所杜伊斯堡大学,Lotharstr。 65, 47057 德国杜伊斯堡*第聂伯罗彼得罗夫斯克,乌克兰(2002.10.12收到; 2002.12.15采用)摘要机

36、架和成卷的（10，12毫米）和加强的（14、16毫米）棒材在可以提供均匀细小的铁素体珍珠岩结构形成站钢棒和减少线圈的中间部分的晶粒生长的小型型钢轧机精轧变形后的冷却处理工作。在第11站后的库存卷冷却和变形后的库存卷加速冷却到800-850的应用使我们能够获得具有高冲击强度的加强的直径14mm的钢筋。关键词:热处理，钢筋1.介绍 一些研究工作 1 - 4表明，均匀细粒结构和增加钢的力学性能，可以通过两种方式实现:a) 强碳化物形成元素和微合金化炼钢过程与塑性变形的严格循环和减少和牺牲奥氏体的再结晶的介绍； b）轧件在轧制结束后由于温度的降低停止变形和控制冷却变形后阻碍再结晶。 第二种方法的主要优

37、点是经济原因和可能提高低碳钢的性能特征。热强化技术实现的主要条件是制定出在轧件速度达到20米/秒的地方水箱提供密集的轧件冷却。这项工作的目标是寻找获得直径10-16mm St3sp (GOST 380-71)具有均匀精细分散结构和通过机架间轧件冷却控制增加机械性能的环形钢筋的方法。2.实验为此，加速冷却装置采用了由注入漏斗1、冷却站2、喷油器3（图1）。在直接流冷却的情况下，使用了一种刀具4。图 1. 加速冷却方案它被安装在第十一道次后面的出口管处，并连接到插座上。冷却支架是一个直径40毫米，长度1500毫米的管子，它提供了热轧冷却到合适的温度和安全的水利输送。喷嘴是一个密封的情况下，其中有一

38、个带有两个凸轮的辊锥移动，其目的是在冷却支架中产生所需的水的冲击速度在。金属内的通孔直径为40毫米。环形间隙安装在喷嘴根据轧件直径和在冷却区所需的冷却速度。它提供了必要的水的消耗，在喷嘴入口处的持续压力。进辊锥用于卷进的轧件的接收，并将其引导到冷却区。这是一个漏斗形的孔改为圆柱形（直径为40mm）。刀具是用来减少水的流速和水流量。这是一个带圆锥形电线的管子。排水管的底部有孔。一边的切断腔室连接到冷却支架，另一个是连接到入口辊锥。用于冷却后的加速冷却的反流装置。它由一个注射器（如上所述的一个如上所述），一个冷却室（长度为480毫米）的内径40毫米和注入漏斗。冷却装置安装在第十三道次的机座上，这时

39、轧制的钢筋直径为14-16mm。轧件加速冷却装置与高压管通过软管和锁定装置链接。2.1. 工艺流程图生产成卷的加强钢筋的工艺流程图已经开发出来并测试。根据现有的技术，金属可以轧制到第11道次。从11道次开始，（直径16毫米）工件的加工过程是到冷却室，对于直径10毫米的工件，分别轧制到延伸率=1.17; 1.18; 1.17; 1.18的12，13，17，19道次。对于直径12毫米的延伸率分别为1.2; 1.168; 1.203;1.17。总的延伸率10 =1.938，12 =1.954。然后轧件被卷成卷。对轧制直径10毫米是两个支架冷却的速率进行了调查。首先，达到温度920C，然后达到950C

40、和第三种热轧状态（为了比较）。热轧的温度是1050C。在第一情况下的卷曲时的温度是1010C，在第二种情况下是1010-1020C。直径12毫米的钢筋在温度950C和980C下和无冷却的1050C热轧的热应变的对比。第一种情况下的卷曲温度是1020C第二种是1030C，热轧的卷曲温度是1050C.钢筋的这种生产条件使它能够把最容易观察到的热应变运用到实践中去。这意味着在变形暂停时和变形后加速钢的冷却都能达到相位变换的初始温度。减速变形奥氏体再结晶的方法和细粒度结构产生的结果确定了包括低温冲击强度在内的高水平的机械性能。在控制机架和变形后的冷却下的钢筋的轧制率（14毫米）被用来研究两个加速冷却装

41、置；首先，1500毫米的流量器位于第11道次的后面；其次，回流装置（480毫米）位于精轧机架后（第12，13道次）。加工工件已经在第11道次变形后被逆流加速冷却器冷却到一定的温度，然后再分别通过延伸率为= 1.2；1.6的第12和13道次。钢从第13道次被二次冷却器已三种冷却速度冷却840 750-770C; 920 840-820C; 950 940C （在这种冷却速度下水不直接进入二冷器中）。变形后控制冷却到800-780C后可用于直径16毫米钢筋的生产。在这种速度下，这种温度能防止再结晶的过程。通过上述设备配件的特点的描述，研究轧制进行的最低温度（870C到970C）。利用加强钢筋的技术

42、和使用第11和第13道次后的逆流加速冷却器降低了金属的温度并根据轧件的长度和断面来平衡它。2.2 钢筋的金相检验直径10，12，14毫米的热轧钢筋St3sp 的结构是铁素体-球状珠光体晶粒对应对应刻度数字8-9 GOST 5639-82（图2）。铁素体和珠光体的比例为铁素体为90%，珠光体为10%。珠光体是很薄的（和渗碳体之间的距离是0.3-0.8 m）位于铁素体的颗粒节理 。中间道次钢（直径10-14mm）冷却到温度950C 导致轻微的珠光体的生长（铁素体85%，珠光体15%）（图3）。珠光体位于铁素体边界的接头上。晶粒尺寸对应刻度数字9GOST 5639-82。珠光体的直径分散是0.30.

43、5m（GOST 3443-87生长500到多个）。钢筋变形后冷却的国际标准（第一个喷嘴的冷却温度920C，第二个820-840C），直径14毫米的钢筋的珠光体在 0.3 m内变化较大（图4a，b）。晶粒尺寸对应刻度数字9GOST 5639-82。激素冷却（第一个喷嘴的温度为840C，另一个为750-770 C）导致钢筋结构的损失。（图4c、d）。a)b)c)图2。钢结构st3sp直径10（a），12（b），14（c）14在热轧态状态下。放大倍数X100a )b)图3。钢结构st3sp直径10毫米（a），12(b)轧制道次间冷却到950C.放大X100a)b)c)d)图4。经过轧制变形后冷却和直

44、径14毫米的微观结构St3sp（放大倍数：A、C X100；B，DX800）：a, b -在机架间冷却到940C变形后加速冷却到840C。c, d -在机架间冷却到840C变形后加速冷却到740C。等粒状的铁素体和珠光体能够在平的光滑的剖面观察到。蚕卵的尺寸对应刻度数字10-12.珠光体被放置在铁素体的边界。铁素体占80%，珠光体占20%。珠光体成分分散性的增加。（0.3毫米至少增加500）钢（16mm）在变形后冷却到温度920-980C会造成轻微的晶粒磨损（图5）。珠光体铁素体晶粒大小对应刻度数字89。珠光体位于铁素体接头时薄镀板（0.3m）。铁素体的百分比是85%，珠光体是15%。a)b)

45、图5。直径16毫米经过轧制和加速冷却到920C的钢的微观结构st3sp放大倍数：一个X100、B x 800）结论直径10-16毫米的热轧钢St3sp 在机架中和变形后的冷却在降低金属温度和平衡工件的长度和断面上的费用方面对质量有很大影响。在低温下高水平的机械性能和耐冲击强度是由均匀细晶结构形成的结果。参考书目1.F.P.Pickering, 物理冶金和钢材的设计、材料科学系、应用科学出版公司，（1978）。2.M.I.Goldstein, V.M.Farber, 钢铁、冶金、莫斯科离散强化，（1978），p.208，（俄罗斯）。3.“微合金化”国际会议的记录，钢铁协会，匹兹堡，PA，（199

46、5），p.453。4.W. Dahl, M.Hagen, K. Karhausen, Stahl und Eisen, 11(1991) 4, p. 113-119. (德国)。生命列车The Train Of Life1. 不久以前，我读了一本书。书中把人生比作一次旅行。2. 人生一世，就好比是一次搭车旅行，要经历无数次上车、下车; 时常有事故发生; 有时是意外惊喜，有时却是刻骨铭心的悲伤 3. 降生人世，我们就坐上了生命列车。我们以为我们最先见到的那两个人-我们的父母，会在人生旅途中一直陪伴着我们。 4. 很遗憾，事实并非如此。他们会在某个车站下车，留下我们，孤独无助。他们的爱、他们的情、

47、他们不可替代的陪伴，再也无从寻找。 5. 尽管如此，还会有其他人上车。他们当中的一些人将对我们有着特殊的意义。 6. 他们之中有我们的兄弟姐妹, 有我们的亲朋好友。我们还将会体验千古不朽的爱情故事。7. 坐同一班车的人当中，有的轻松旅行。8. 有的却带着深深的悲哀 还有的,在列车上四处奔忙，随时准备帮助有需要的人 9. 很多人下车后，其他旅客对他们的回忆历久弥新 但是，也有一些人，当他们离开座位时，却没有人察觉。10. 有时候，对你来说情深义重的旅伴却坐到了另一节车厢。你只得远离他，继续你的旅程。11. 当然，在旅途中，你也可以摇摇晃晃地穿过自己的车厢，去别的车厢找他 12. 可惜，你再也无法

48、坐在他身旁，因为这个位置已经让别人给占了 .13. 没关系。旅途充满挑战、梦想、希望、离别 就是不能回头。因此，尽量使旅途愉快吧！14. 善待旅途上遇见的所有旅客，找出人们身上的闪光点。15. 永远记住，在某一段旅程中，有人会犹豫彷徨，因为我们自己也会犹豫彷徨。16. 我们要理解他人，因为我们需要他人的理解。17. 生命之谜就是：我们在什么地方下车？坐在身旁的伴侣在什么地方下车？我们的朋友在什么地方下车？我们无从知晓 18. 我时常这样想：到我该下车的时候，我会留恋吗？我想我还是会的。和我的朋友分离，我会痛苦。让我的孩子孤独地前行，我会悲伤。 我执著地希望在我们大家都要到达的那个终点站，我们还会相聚 19. 我的孩子们上车时没有什么