Differences in Subject and in Predicate between English and Chinese英语毕业论文.doc

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1、Differences in Subject and in Predicate between English and Chinese1 IntroductionWithout doubt, a sentence is always a unit for people to express something and we usually translate an article sentence by sentence. The subject and the predicate are the main parts of a sentence. When we translate a se

2、ntence, the first and also most important thing we should do is to determine the subject of the sentence, then to determine the predicate and other elements of the sentence. However, because of the differences in language between east and west, there also exist dissimilarities in the use of the subj

3、ect between the two languages, so it is necessary for us to know the differences in subject and in predicate between English and Chinese.2 Differences in SubjectChinese linguists research on the subject, most of them had been done in the 20th Century. Recent years, with fewer and fewer learners pay

4、attention to both English and Chinese subject, it is thought that its important to attach some importance to them, for which its good for our recent study and later research. In order to research the differences in English and Chinese subjects, this chapter lays stress on the structures and forms of

5、 subjects in English and Chinese.2.1 Different Structures for SubjectSome different structures for subjects can be seen through analysing and comparing Chinese sentences and English sentences.2.1.1 Words Used as Subject in EnglishIt usually use noun, pronoun, or the words can be regarded as noun or

6、noun phrases as subject in English. Read the following examples:(1).My brother is a worker. (noun as subject)(2).He lives in the new house.（pronoun as subject）(3).The first of October is our National Day.（numeral as subject）(4).To read something is a good habit.（the infinitive as subject） (5).Readin

7、g will do you good in your English study.（V+ing as subject） (6).What they are doing is for the modernization of our motherland.（subordinate clause as subject）2.1.2 Words Used as Subject in ChineseIn Chinese, besides noun, pronoun, numeral, verb, adjective, de structure, coordinative word group and v

8、erb-object word group can also used as subject in Chinese sentences. Eg:(1).等待不能解决问题。(Dng da b nng ji ju wn t.)（verb as subject）(2).快也不能解决问题。(kua y b nng ji ju wn t.)（adjective as subject）(3).没有本科学历的不能录用。(me yu bn k xu l d b nng l yng. ）(de as subject）(4).大家都去不可能。(d ji du q b k nng.)（predicate phras

9、e as subject）(5).光说空话不能解决任何问题。(gung shu kng hu b nng ji ju rn h wn t.)（verb-object word group as subject）2.2 Different Forms of SubjectsSome obvious different forms of subjects can be seen from the personal subject and impersonal subject. Besides, whether there exist the omissions of the subject is

10、also a big difference between English and Chinese subjects.2.2.1 Personal Subject and Impersonal SubjectIn a specific language environment, subjects can include the subject and the impersonal subject or named the animate subject and the inanimate subject. The so-called personal subject is a “person”

11、 as the subject in sentences. Things can be always as the subjects in English sentence. “Person” usually becomes the subject in Chinese sentences. This is also because the difference of thoughts between the East and the West. Chinese philosophical thinking stresses subjective consciousness. However,

12、 English philosophical thinking advocates reason. (Liu Rurong, 2004:98-99)2.2.2 Different Attention on SubjectThe subject can be left out in Chinese, or the sentences do not have subject. These sentences called predicate sentences. The following sentences will exemplify the concept.(1).起风了。(q fng l.

13、) The wind is rising.(2).要吃饭就得劳动。(yo ch fn ji d lo dng.) If you want to eat, you must work.The sentences in the above examples are all predicate sentences, while if you want to express the same meaning in English, the sentences must have a subject, or change the related part as subject, or use the g

14、eneric pronoun to add the subject, or use there be sentence pattern or the formal subject-it to guide the whole sentence. In short, an integrated English sentence cant be without subject, except for the special circumstance like the imperative sentence or other special sentence, otherwise, the sente

15、nce is not correct. But Subject has been left out is common in Chinese. For example:(1).我吃了午饭就去。(w ch l w fn ji q.) (2).他回家后立刻就睡觉了。(t hu ji hu lk ji shu jio l.) When translate them into English, it needs to add the subject:(1)I will go when I finish my lunch.(2)He went to bed as soon as he came home

16、.3 Differences in PredicateAs we all kwon, Chinese is isolated language as it lacks change if form, so it mainly depends on the word order or the function word to display the grammar relations. English is an inflectional language and it mainly depends on the change in form to show the grammar relati

17、ons. All these differences can be reflected in the structure and form of predicates.3.1 Different Structures of PredicateDifferent structures of predicates between English and Chinese can show up in the different words acting as predicate.3.1.1 The Words Used as PredicateLi Ping ever concluded in hi

18、s paper1 that the word classes of the predicate in English must be a verb or a verb group while that in Chinese is of much more diversity: It can be verbs- nouns- adjectives or phrase structures. Like verbal predicate, adjective predicate, nominal predicate and subject-predicate predicate are able t

19、o work as predicates. For example:今天星期天。（jn tan xng q tan. Noun acts as predicate）Today is Sunday.太阳热烘烘的。（ta yang r hng d. Adjective acts as predicate）The sun is hot. 2The underlined parts act as predicates in Chinese even though they are not verbs. However, when we translate the sentence into Engli

20、sh, the link-verbs must be added.3.2 Different Forms of PredicateThe form of predicates is another difference between English predicates and Chinese predicates. It mainly includes tense, aspect, voice and mood.3.2.1 Tense and AspectThere is a change in tense and aspect in English predicates. Tense r

21、efers to the absolute location of an event or action in time, either the present or the past. It is marked by an inflection of the verb. Reference to other times - the future, for instance - can be made in a number of ways, by using the modal auxiliary will, or the semi-auxiliary be going to. Aspect

22、 refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time, rather than to its actual location in time. This can be illustrated by using the following examples: (1)David fell in love on his eighteenth birthday.(2)David is falling in love.In (1), the verb fell tells us that David fell in

23、love in the past, and specifically on his eighteenth birthday. This is a simple past tense verb. In (2), the action of falling in love is still in progress - David is falling in love at the time of speaking. For this reason, we call it progressive aspect, and the auxiliary is called the progressive

24、auxiliary.Compared with tense and aspect of predicates in English, Chinese verbs dont have tense and aspect. Thats to say, Chinese verbs use specific words to display different time of an action or event, instead of depending on the morphological change of verbs. For example:男孩子们正在操场上踢足球。（nn hzi mn

25、zhng za co chng shng t z qi.）The boys are playing on the ground.This sentence uses “正在”(be doing)to express the aspect of predicate, which makes the verb-“踢”(playing) doesnt change its form.3.2.2 VoiceVoice refers to a form of the verb which indicates the semantic relationship between the subject an

26、d the predicate. The passive voice in English is formed by combining a form of the verb to be with the past participle of a transitive verb, namely, “be +done”. The main verb is always in its past participle form. But the auxiliary verb can change its tense to deliver information of action in time.

27、So, the voice of verbs in English has a close relationship to the change of verbs. Whereas, Chinese predicate lacks of the morphological change as English. The passive voice in Chinese shows itself with the help of specific words. Such as “被”（be）“叫”(jio)“教”(jio)“让”(rng) and so on.3.2.3 MoodThere exi

28、st many different moods both in English and in Chinese. The differences are reflected in their verbs. In English, mood of the verb are three major types: indicative, imperative and subjunctive. Different moods correspond to different forms of predicates. However, different moods in Chinese are shown

29、 by using different punctuations and modal particles.4 Different Relations of Subject and PredicateBesides different subjects and predicates, the different relation of subject and predicate is another distinction between English and Chinese.4.1 The Different Grammatical Relation of Subject and Predi

30、cateSubject is restricted by the grammatical relation, and the verb and its subject must agree in person and number. While Chinese sentence is more logical, it does not need this congruent relationship. For example:(1).He is a student and we are all students.他是学生，我们都是学生。(t sh xu shng, w mn du sh xu

31、shng.)(2).I study English, but he studies Japanese.我学习英语，但他学习日语。(w xu x yng y,dn t xu x r y.)In the examples above, the verb and its subject must agree in person and number in English, but it does not need this congruent relationship in Chinese.5 ConclusionIn the three parts above, by the contrast a

32、nalysis of the subjects and predicates between English and Chinese sentences from many different aspects, it can be concluded that the greatest differences of subject and predicate between Chinese and English is the differences in structure, form and relationship between subject and predicate. Throu

33、gh analyzing grammatical relation of the subject and predicate, English major students will have a clear subject and predicate conception of the two languages. Notes1 Contrasting the Predicates between English and Chinese in Terms of Word ClassesJournal of Huaihua University 2005-032Bai Lilan Compar

34、asion of Predicates of Structures between English and Chinese Journal of Liaoning Teachers College(social sciences edition)英语谚语警句100句精选Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience.谚语是日常经验的结晶。1. Look before you leap./Second thoughts are best. 三思而后行。/再想而后行。2. Great minds think alike; (heroes have si

35、milar views.) 英雄所见略同。 3. We shall never have friends if we expect to find them without fault.欲求完美无缺的朋友必然成为孤家寡人。4. What you sow, you must mow. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。5. A beggar can never be bankrupt.天无绝人之路。6.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。7. No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。8. No cross, no crown. 不经历风雨

36、,怎么见彩虹。9. The more haste, the less speed. /Haste makes waste.欲速则不达。10. Victory belongs to the most persevering. 坚持就是胜利！11. A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。12. Put ones foot in ones mouth. 说话不得体。13. It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收/悔恨已晚/木已成舟,回天乏力。14. Content is better than riches. 知

37、足常乐。15. No gains without pains. 没有辛苦就没有收获。16. The more a man knows, the more he is inclined to be modest. 大智若愚。17. All roads lead to Rome .条条大路通罗马。18. A snow year, a rich year. 瑞雪兆丰年。19. Never say die! 永不言败！20. The best mirror is a friends eye. 朋友的眼睛是最好的镜子。 21. Faith will move mountain. 精诚所至，金石为开。 2

38、2. A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人生没有朋友，犹如生活没有了太阳。 23. Great wits have short memories.贵人多忘事。 24. Do well and have well. 善有善报。25. A bad thing never dies. 坏事传千年。26. Four eyes see more than two. 人多识广/集思广益。27. Diligence is the parent of success. 勤劳是成功的根本。28. Water dropping day by day

39、wears the hardest rock away.滴水穿石。29. Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 30. While there is life, there is hope. /Debt is better than death. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。/有生命就有希望。31. Where there is a will, there is a way. 功夫不负有心人。/有志者事竟成。32. Where there is great love, there are always miracl

40、es. 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹。33. Where there is smoke, there is fire. 无风不起浪。34. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。35. A stitch in time saves nine. 及时缝一针能省九针。/小洞不补，大洞吃苦。36. Never too old to learn, never too late to turn. 亡羊补牢，为时不晚。37. Dont claim to know what you d

41、ont know. 不要不懂装懂。38. Do in Rome as Roman do. 入乡随俗。39. Rome was not built in a day. 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。40. Sharpening your axe will not delay your job of cutting wood. 磨刀不误砍柴工。 41. Things of a kind come together, people a mind fall into a group. 物以类聚,人以群分。 42. One mans meat is another mans poison. 萝卜白菜,各有所爱。

42、43. like author like book.文如其人。46. Like for like. 惺惺相惜。47. Like teacher like pupil. 有其师必有其徒。48. Gods that run many hares kill none.贪多必失。49. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。50. Actions speak louder than words. 行胜于言。51. You cannot eat your cake and have it. 鱼与熊掌，不可兼得。52. One loses by pride and gains by m

43、odesty. 满招损,谦受益。53. Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。54. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每日一苹果远离医生。55. Time past cannot be called back again. 时光不倒流。56. A drop of water cannot make a sea, and a tree cannot make a wood. 滴水不成海，独木不成林。57. If you venture nothing, you will have nothing. 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。58.The tr

44、ee is known by its fruit. 观其行知其人。59. All work no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍,聪明的孩子也变傻。60. The pot calls the kettle black. 五十步笑百步。61. Unkindness often reacts on the unkind person. 恶有恶报。62. Todays work should never be left over till tomorrow. 今日事今日毕。63. Nothing so bad but might have been worse

45、. 塞翁失马,焉知非福。 64. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。65. Complacency is the enemy of study. 学习的敌人是自己的满足。66. A fox may grow gray, but never good.江山易改，本性难移。67. A friend without faults will never be found. 没有十全十美的朋友。68. A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。69. A good book is the best of fr

46、iends, the same today and forever. 一本好书，相伴一生。70. A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。71. A leopard cannot change its spots.积习难改。72. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。73. All good things come to an end. 天下没有不散的筵席。74. Justice has long arms. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏。75A man becomes learned by asking

47、questions. 不耻下问才能有学问。76. A man can do no more than he can. 凡事都应量力而行。77. A man cannot spin and reel at the same time. 一心不能二用。78. Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手。79. Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。80. Do it now. 机不可失，时不再来。81. It is the unforeseen that always happens. 天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。82. Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕。83. Do well and have well. 善有善报。84. Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。85. Every advantage has its disadvantage.有利必有弊。86. Every day is not Sunday. 好景不常在。87. Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。88. Every man has his weak