《中国故事》（第五集）The Story of China (5) Love and hate to Qing Dynasty（英汉对照）.docx

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1、视频字幕 THE STORY OF CHINA1. The Last dynastyI. Script In 1644, Ming Dynasty China, the greatest civilization in the world, went through a devastating foreign conquest. The Chinese people were left haunted by dreams of lost peace and visions of war. The invaders were Manchus from the north, people the

2、Chinese saw as barbarians. The Ming Emperor committed suicide and the Manchu armies swept south. When the city of Yangzhou resisted, it was plundered and burned in a ten-day reign of terror. 300,000 people died. Afterwards, the writer Zhang Dai visited the West Lake in Hangzhou, once Chinas paradise

3、 on earth. As he sailed along the shore, he was shocked by the aftermath of the fighting. “I thought I was in a nightmare”, he said. The loss seemed irretrievablebut China had been through such cataclysms before and would go through them again. And being a great and ancient civilization, the people

4、had the inner resources to rebuild. And thats what happened next. The Manchus were foreigners, non-Chinese, but it was they who would institute the next rebuilding, and becoming Chinese in the process. And they were the last imperial dynasty of China-the Qing. So, Chinas last empire was forged in wa

5、r. The Manchu conquest took 30 years. It climaxed in the 1670s, in a savage struggle in the south, when three great provinces rose against the Manchus and their teenage Emporer, Kangxi. The war lasted eight years and, by the end, the Qing government had half a million troops fighting in the wild mou

6、ntains of the southwest. At that moment, China could have fallen apart, but it didnt. The war was the making of Kangxi and, when it ended in 1681, he was 27 and he would become the longest ruling, and some would say, the greatest of all the Chinese emperor. For all its glories, the Ming had ended as

7、 a decadent, broken empire. Now, the foreign Manchus set out to make sure that the mistakes they had made were not repeated. That the new rulers of China should be man with a sober sense of public duty and Kangxi, the upright one, was such a man. Kangxi was the first of three great Qing emperor, fat

8、her, son, and grandson, who ruled for 133 years. They built Chinas largest empire and created the essential shape of China today. You get an idea of the immense size of the Qing Empire when you fly out from Beijing to Xinjiang in the far west. It takes seven hours. By road, its 2700 miles from the c

9、apital to Kashgar. Under the Qing, China entered a new phase of its history, for they define China not as an exclusively Han civilization, but as a great, multiethnic empire. So, for the first time since the Tang dynasty, China ruled over the Central Asian people of Xinjiang. Among them were the Uyg

10、hurs. Hello! This is my wife-Very nice to meet you. .And this is my mother-in-law. Very nice to meet you. Thank you. So, this is my family. Oh, thank you so much. Before the Qing dynasty, this area was controlled by the Dzungar Mongols. You know, the descendants of Genghis khan. The leader of the Dz

11、ungar Mongols, he invaded the western territory of the Qing dynasty. So, the emperor of the Qing dynasty, the Kangxi, he led a big army by himself and waged two big wars with Yongle Mongols, and, finally, defeated them and kicked them out of this region and took this region. Under the Qing Kangxi em

12、peror, -it almost doubles the size of China, doesnt it? -Yes, yes, yes. -It was a huge area. -Yes, yes. So, what happens here in Turfan, then? The government built new towns just next to the original town, so in many cities in Xinjiang, even now, we have town. The old town was also called Uyghur tow

13、n or Hui town. Hui, like Muslim Yes. And new town was named “Man town” or “Han town”, like “Hancheng” or “Mancheng”, like Chinese name. Many different races meet in this point in China, dont they? -Yes, yes. -Many different histories, I suppose. Yes. So, the Silk Road became, again, an axis of world

14、 history, linking the great Asian land empires of Iran and Russia, Mogul India and Qing China. And today, with Chinas new Silk Road, Central Asia is once more becoming a crossroads of commerce and peoples. If you see the different hats, you can buy the pattern or color, the flowers on the hat, you c

15、an tell where they are from Turfan or Hotan or Kashgar or Ili. So, each different place, they have a different pattern for the hat. All the Road places-Hotan, Turfan-have different hats. The Qing initially adopted a light touch towards the ethnic minorities, leaving their local leaders in place. The

16、y also allowed religious autonomy and Muslim culture soon gain a new vitality in Chinese civilization. In the old Muslim communities of China, founded back in the Tang, Chinese Muslim scholars wrote books showing how loyalty to Islam and to the Mandate of Heaven went hang in hand. Walking through th

17、e mosque, you see all these inscriptions, not only Chinese, but in Arabic and in Farsi, Persian! They welcomed outsiders for their food and their luxuries, they money, their ideas and their expertise. You may think of china in its history as being an inward-looking civilization, but most of the time

18、 it wasnt like that at all. This was a rich age for Chinese Muslim philosophy, with debates about the role of women and one fascinating and surprising by-product of the age is womens mosques with women imams. There are ten small womens mosques here in Kaifeng, part of the changing scene of Chinese I

19、slam from the late 1600s. I have travelled many places in the word and filmed with Muslim communities in many different countries, but I have never seen womens mosques like this. Is this a special Chinese tradition or special Kaifeng tradition? Special Chinese tradition. Yeah. So here, even today, y

20、ou can see the results of the religious policies of the Manchus. Shukran! Tibet too, long an independent kingdom, was freed from the rule of the Yongle Mongols. Kangxi restored the Dalai Lama and brought Tibet into the Qing Empire as a Chinese protectorate. The Qing rulers built a huge replica of th

21、e Potala in Lhasa back home. Fascinated by Tibetan Buddhism, they had private chapels in their own palaces. For Tibet, it was a time when Chinese rule promoted Tibetan culture. So, Chinas new, expanded frontiers were secured. And at home, the Manchus were keen to be seen to rule in the Chinese tradi

22、tion. Before they even come in, they learn a Chinese way of governing. Once they come in, they put up a face to represent that they are authentic Chinese rules. The Confucius rulers. You know, classical Confucian education, civil service examination these are all the things they pay a lot of attenti

23、on to. To reinforce their right to rule, the Manchus returned to the roots, giving new life to the old rituals of the Chinese state. In one ceremony, the Manchu emperor joined hands with a poor Chinese peasant. Were on a platform here and platform looked out onto a field and the field was where the

24、sports ground is, there. Every year on the auspicious day, in the second month of spring, the Emperor ploughed eight furrows of this field with a great, yellow plough. The minister of Finance had the goad, prodding the oxen, and the Chief Prefect sowed the seed. It was to show solidarity with the wo

25、rkers, to show that agriculture was the very basis of the Chinese state, and to revere the very first ancestor who invented agriculture. To get his message across, Kangxi issued 16 maxims guidelines for the people which were posted in every town and village. They were read out twice a month a custom

26、 which lasted until the 20th century. On his great tours of the south, Kangxi talked to the people and listened to their grievances. He was an autocrat, but stories about his common touch, and that of his grandson, Qianlong, become legend among the Chinese people. The Emperor went to the south to se

27、e how ordinary people lived. He wore coarse clothes and pretended to be a commoner. In a hostel he met a man who was in terrible debt. He was desperate and wanted to kill himself. But the Emperor stepped in and pawned his own possessions so the poor man could clear his debts.“And as for the daily bu

28、siness of ruling”, wrote Kangxi, “That takes a lot of energy.” I once handed 500 documents in a single day. “Sometimes I dont go to bed till after midnight.” Labelled in Chinese and Manchu in the Imperial Archive, the dispatch boxes are empty now, but still scented with the camphor that kept insects

29、 from the paper. Isnt that great? You can still smell it after all these centuries. The smell of history. The other great task Kangxi set himself was himself was cultural. Well, I think Kangxi, as a Manchu emperor, knew very well that he couldnt actually cope with the wholes of the China that he had

30、 conquered, and which he was going to rule, without the Chinese help. So he mounted a charm offensive to a lot of the intellectuals who were loyal to the previous dynasty. He worked hard by getting these people to get involved in the editing of so much of Chinese works. Like this one, which the Quan

31、 Tangshi-The complete Tang Poems. And, my goodness me, you can see there is quite a lot. How many poems? Do we know? 48000 plus. Yeah. So, its quite a project. A hundred wood block carvers were employed, all under the supervision of a servant, Cao Yin, who was Han Chinese, not Manchu. Cao Yin was, i

32、n theory, a bond servant or a slave, of the Manchus. His family had been captured by the Manchus, before they actually took over the rules of rule of the whole of the Chinese Empire. And as a slave person, he remained very close to the Emperor in his household. And, not only that. Actually, Cao Yins

33、 mother was made one of the nurses for the Kangxi Emperors. And they also say, though its not proven, that Cao Yin may have been one of the people was sort of reader-companion to the Emperor when he was a small boy. This sort of very close bond between them went on and apart from making him the titu

34、lar head of this project, because he was Chinese, he also made him a kind of spy, to make private reports to the Imperial Palace alone on what he saw in the course of his duties. So, the bondsman Cao Yin oversaw the huge printing job. The collating, cutting, binding and sewing. He published The Comp

35、lete Tang poems in 1708 and on the frontispiece was a kind gesture by the Emperor to the boy hed grown up with his name on the front page. Cao Yin wrote back, “Who am I that I should be on this list of names? I do not know what happiness can ever compare with this.” The great enterprise was done in

36、the very city destroyed by the Manchus in the horrors of 1645. Yangzhou was rising again with Manchu patronage. They, I think, have learned the art or the craft of ruling China in the Confucius way very well. So, what you see in Yangzhou is a bit of a snapshot of some of some of the prosperity thats

37、 coming out of a relatively peaceful and stable period. If Suzhou was the place to be in the Ming, in the Qing, it was Yangzhou. So what you see is relatively secure property rights on land, in the relatively free market, and commerce was, I wouldnt say protected, but at least, in many cases, undist

38、urbed. Visitor here in the 18th century describe it as a fusion of southern elegance and northern vigour. In the streets, you saw wealth and culture all around you. Like Georgian London, it was a trend-setter, a capital of culture. And as one of Chinas four ancient cuisines, its cooking was famous,

39、too, as it is today. Even the fast food, just the day for this. its so cold, isnt is? thats fantastic, Wonderful. “yeah, really good” Situated on the Grand Canal. Yangzhou was a center of commerce. Where millions were made through the lucrative salt monopoly. At the time of the early Industrial Revo

40、lution in Europe. China itself was developing the first shoots of capitalism. but the Chinese way. And salt always very important in the story of Yangzhou, so, Yangzhous 200 salt merchants became major players in the economy. One of them from a village weve already melt in this story. Tangyue, home

41、of the Bao family.Bao Zhidao became one of the richest men in China. Because they make business in Yangzhou and theyre getting richer, so they have ability to build this kind of building. So this is like grand bankers today in London, building their mansions. with their swimming pools and everything

42、 else, but this is much more ritually centred and historically centred. Its a corporation here. Filial piety is good for big business, and they dont need to lend, they dont need miney, they collect money together, and.exactly, the wording is share. So if we want to know who is the shareholder, just

43、open the genealogy and see the activity. of who is joining in the activity, the ritual activity, you know the membership of this corporation, So, in China, the lineage, the family, is the corporation and the shareholders. yes, where, at this time in London or in the West, private companies start to

44、be the shareholders, back here in this home village, Bao Zhidao is still remembered by his family for his Confucian values, The Confucian way was against excess Be thirfty, but dont hoard, Spend wisely. To get rich without working hard and fritter away the money, this will offend the gods, but to ea

45、rn money and never spend it, and take your money to the grave, this will also offend the heavens, So China thrived again under Manchu rule.IN the 18th century, it had the biggest GDP in the world, And the Yangzhou merchants made the most of it, in their gardens, they held cultural gatherings, their

46、guests were poets, painters and book collectors. Looking at it with Western eyes, you might look very much like an enlightenment society. These guys the equivalent of billionaires today, and they made their wealth on the backs of the poor, but they were also public-spirited men. Bao Zhidao had the s

47、treets of his part of town repaved, he established an insurance system for the boatmen, who ran the salt barges, he built charitable school for children at the gates of the city, and he ploughed money back into his native village. He may look very different to us, in his great silk blue gowns, and h

48、is long moustaches and pigtails, but hes the very model, of what would later be the viction philanthropist. In the 18th century. China was already developing a civil society. And in the rich cities of the south, the merchants were also great patrons of opera and drama. Well its a very cold and rainy

49、, snowy day.at the end of a New Year festival. And were heading out into the countryside from Yangzhou.to see a performance of the traditional Yangzhou drama.by the main acting troupe. Tradition which has been passed down across all the wars. and revolutions of the couple of hundred years. So what show are you doing this afternoon. its alive story between a woman and her brother-in-law. And its a sad story or ait used to be a tragedy, but the audience didnt like the sad ending, so now the plays ending has b