Scientific and Technical Writing科技英语论文写作.doc

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1、Scientific and Technical WritingContentsChapter One: Types and Formats of Scientific and Technical WritingSection One: Types of Scientific and Technical Writing (P2)Section Two: Formats of Scientific and Technical Writing (P3)Chapter Two: The Process of Scientific and Technical WritingSection One: W

2、riting Approach (P20)Section Two: Writing Process (P20)Chapter Three: Tips for Scientific and Technical WritingSection One: The Characteristics of Scientific and Technical Writing (P32)Section Two: The Organization and Development of Scientific and Technical Writing (P35)Chapter Four: Oral Communica

3、tionSection One: Meeting People (P42)Section Two: Attending Lectures (P43)Section Three: Presentation of Researching Information (P44)Chapter One: Types and Formats of Scientific and Technical WritingSection One: Types of Scientific and Technical Writing1. Memo ReportsThe memo report is the most com

4、mon and prevalent type of technical writing found in industry today. It is an informal report and is strictly an internal type of communication. The key to writing effective memo reports is brevity and simplicity.2. Formal ReportsFormal reports are the comprehensive documentation of major technical

5、projects. By the nature of their scope and importance, they tend to be long and detailed. The actual scope and complexity of any particular formal report will depend on the substance of the report itself. Most formal reports are outside reports from one company to another. They cover many of the sam

6、e subjects as inside memo-reports. The format varies greatly, depending on the companys standards and the nature of the report.3. ProposalsA proposal is a selling document that advocates the purchase of a companys products or services. It can also come from within a single company and advocate the p

7、urchase of equipment or hiring of additional personnel. Proposals from one company to another generally tend to be lengthy and complex. Proposals that are generated within a single company tend to be brief and simple. In either case, the readers will be primarily managerial.If a proposal is solicite

8、d, it will be a mirror of an RFP (request for proposal). If the proposal is unsolicited, it will reflect the thinking of the firm seeking the contract and its estimate of what the receiving company requires.4. ManualsTechnical manual is a documentation of a process or mechanism or a combination of t

9、he two. Through documentation in the manual, the elements of a process or mechanism are defined and described, and instructions for its use are provided. This use can cover such things as operation, maintenance, servicing, and repair.5. Journal ArticlesFew accomplishments(成就) will enhance（提高） your p

10、rofessional standing as much as being published. When you publish an article, it tells your professional colleagues not only that you have something original and unique to contribute to your field, but also that it is important enough to be published. Contrary to popular opinion, the trade journals

11、are always interested in fresh new professional articles. New ideas, new products, new findings, and experiments are the lifeblood of the trade publishing business. It is through the professional and trade journals that the professional, scientific, and academic communities communicate with one anot

12、her. The key to a good journal article is its organization（组织机构） and clear purpose. Outlining an article is crucial to its getting published. The subject must be in accordance（一致） with the journals particular subject matter（主题，主旨）, and the article must publish new and interesting information for its

13、 readers. Most professional and trade journals have written guidelines for their publishing expectations. Each is unique in its personality（性格） and style.Section Two: Formats of Scientific and Technical Writing 1. Memo Reports1) Parts of Memo ReportsThe typical memo report is made up of the followin

14、g parts.1. Heading information:Heading information gives the reader the writing solution. It specifically tells your reader the date of the memo report. This date is crucial to keeping files. It tells to whom the memo is being written. This is usually a single reader, but it also may be a group or a

15、 number of individuals. The heading information tells the reader who wrote the memo report. This again can be either a single person or a group. And finally, heading information gives the subject of the report.Heading information is made up of four basic headings, as follows: Date: (the date of the

16、memo report) To: (to whom the memo was written) From: (who wrote the memo) Subject: (the subject of the report)The order of these topics is not important, but all four topics must be included in the heading.Sometimes the receiver of the memo report is a single person, but photocopies are distributed

17、 to others who are less directly involved in the matter at hand. The names of individuals who receive copies are noted in the heading information after the abbreviation“cc:”(for “carbon copy”). 2. Purpose statementThe statement of purpose tells the reader why the memo was written. Effective statemen

18、ts of purpose are always direct and concise. They sacrifice subtlety for directness. 3. Background statement:A background statement should be brief and concise. It provides the reader with an overview of the events and circumstances that have led to the report. It also allows a recap and reminder fo

19、r the reader who refers to the memo report at a later date.4. Discussion:The discussion is an objective and factual written communication of technical message. It is a detailed and complete message about the subject. The discussion is where the basic organizational pattern and outline of ideas are p

20、ut into written form.5. Conclusion:Conclusions are the reasons or causes of technical conditions and situations. These are your findings or results about whatever it is that you are writing.6. Recommendations:Recommendations are the suggestions based on the conclusions, and professional opinions abo

21、ut what should be done. 2) Types of memo reports:1. Feasibility reports:Feasibility report is to show whether undertaking a certain project or path of action will have success or failure. The likelihood of success must be weighed against the odds for failure. The report presents the evidence for tha

22、t set of odds for or against the success of the report.The structure of this type of report is as follows: Memo-report headings Purpose Background _Procedures and methods _Alternatives Discussion Conclusions RecommendationsSample Feasibility Report:Date: _To: _From: _Subject: Should motor-driven lin

23、ear actuators replace double-acting Hydraulic cylinders on pinch rollers?Purpose:The purpose of this report is to study the feasibility of having motor-driven linear actuations (ball-screw style) replace the double-acting hydraulic cylinders on the pressure-heated pinch rollers for the 24 counter-to

24、p laminator. Feasibility is based on economic and work-effectiveness factors.Background:About 22 years ago, Acme purchased the Otto 24” laminator currently being used at the Melville plant.This machine uses three sets of hydraulic cylinders (2 per pinch roll) to exert 800 psi as the laminated top ex

25、its the gluer and enters the press area.Depending on what size thickness the overall top will measure (1/4”, 3/8”, 1/2”, 3/4”), you must manually adjust the clevis end of these cylinders.This results in a set-up time of about 90 minutes. Operator controls for the pinch rollers are “full-extend” or “

26、full-extract” with no middle setting.Leaks in this existing system are a constant problem. The petroleum based oil attacks the glue that holds the laminate to the base wood.Discussion:Current technology in laminating machines uses motor-driven ball-screw actuators in place of hydraulic cylinders. Th

27、ese motors use a closed-loop feedback system that allows for PLC (programmable logic controller) based control. Consequently, set-up time decreases from 90 minutes to 5 minutes. Because these actuators are motor driven, we can completely eliminate the hydraulic system.The estimated cost to remove th

28、e existing hydraulic system and install the new motor-driven actuators has the following breakdown:Motor actuators & controllers .$265,500.00Removal & installation labor $93,300.00PLC operator training .$7,500.00First-year cost .$366,300.00The 24” counter-top laminator currently produces 4.4 million

29、 of product in 2,000 hours of operation at a production rate-per-minute of $35.67. This is based on using the figure of 85 minutes of saved set-up time and an average of 7.5 set-ups per week on a 50-week production schedule.The projected increases in production are as follows:Annual set-ups: 375 (50

30、 7.5)Total minutes saved 31,875 (375 85)Increased production .1,136,981.20 ($35.67 31,875)Additional set-up adjustment factor 0.94Adjusted increased production $1,068,762.30 ($1,136,981 0.94)Conclusions:At investment of $366,300.00 of new motor-driven actuators will increase production at a rate of

31、$1,068,762.30. This equates to a payback period of 17.2 weeks. Assuming both systems require the same amount of maintenance time, additional savings will result from less product damage from hydraulic leaks (estimated at $87,000.00). Another additional feature is the ability of the Otto laminator to

32、 run short orders (less than 100 pcs) because of reduced set-up time.Recommendations:The motor-driven linear actuators should be purchased and installed as soon as possible.2. Inside proposals: An inside proposal is a reporting document that stays inside the firm. Its purpose is to persuade the read

33、er to allow or follow a particular plan or course of action. The structure of inside proposal is as follows: Memo-report headings Background Proposal Cost breakdown Proposed scheduleSample Inside ProposalDate: _To: _From: _Subject: Hand-held tachometers for field sales engineersBackground:For the pa

34、st year it has become apparent that our field sales engineers would greatly benefit from having hand-held tachometers to measure rotational shaft speed and linear line speed.Over the past year, I have had no fewer than 16 instances where I have had to rely on a customers word or his “best guess” abo

35、ut the speed of a motor, conveyor, or other mechanical device. Even nameplate data are questionable, especially on older equipment, because of years of machine modifications. In most of these cases, materials were returned because incorrect speed data were used to calculate gearbox and variable freq

36、uency drive sizes. As a result, customer projects were required to be held up while correct speed readings could be taken and the correct material shipped.Proposal:I propose that each of the six field sales engineers be issued a model #610 electronic hand-held tachometer with carrying case.Cost Brea

37、kdown:If each sales engineer averages 16 returns (This is a conservative estimate based on experience) because of speed miscalculations, the field will generate 96 RGRs (Return Goods Requests). We know from internal audits that each RGR is presently averaging $45.00. A model #610 tachometer lists at

38、 $375.00 each. We would need six of them. Consider the following breakdown in costing:Six modal #610 tachometers (6 $375.00) .$2,250.00Cost of RGRs (96 $45.00) $4,320.00This is an initial savings over the first year after purchase of $2,070:$4,320.00 - $2,250.00 .$2,070.00Suggested Time Frame:Since

39、all of the sales engineers will be in for the corporate office meeting during the second week of September, this would be a good time to give each sales engineer a tachometer and schedule them for a one-hour training session with the tachometer.3. Status/progress reports: This type is weekly, monthl

40、y and quarterly periodic report, allowing management to stay informed on staff progress with ongoing technical work and projects. The structure of the report tends to be abbreviated, as follows: Memo-report headings Status of projectsSample Status ReportDate: _To: _From: _Subject: Status report for

41、week of x/x/19xx Plastic retainer for #622 bearingR&D received the final CAD drawings. The corporate legal department has filed the preliminary paperwork for patent protection. Final cost for the extrusion dies amounted to $125,000.00. Production should begin in early January.Hydro-seal for #622 bea

42、ring:Early tests show that the ethylene propylene seal developed serious leakage problems at rotational speed over 4000 RPM. Additional tests are scheduled for next week.Pump-Master inner race:Six additional field reports arrived this week, bringing the total to 88 reports. These reports are on the

43、chromium plating on the Pump-Master inner race and its flaking and blistering at high temperature (100 c to 120 c). All the reports are limited to those inner races with 2.00” bores or less. Plating U.S.A. (our subcontractor) has been notified and batch numbers have been submitted.New roller bearing

44、 #1221:The testing lab has reported that a faulty hydraulic meter on our Side-Thrust tester resulted in the premature rejection of the #1221 roller bearing. Design specifications call for 75 lbs of side thrust with safety factor of X2. Retesting has already begun.4. Test reports: This type of report

45、 is an informal and inside report on a specific, one-of-a-kind test or testing problem. This is often a detailed account of the test results for a particular part of item. Or it could be a report about a problem with testing itself or setting up a test procedure. The structure of this type of report

46、 is as follows: Memo-report headings Purpose or problem Conditions Procedures and methods Conclusions RecommendationsSample Test ReportDate: _To: _From: _Subject: Variable Frequency Drive Comparison TestPurpose of Test:This test compares the breakdown (saturation) frequency and current output of the top three brands of variable frequency electronic drives. The comparisons are under a controlled environment with identical line and load condi