互联网上电影侵权问题的过去、现在和将来毕业论文外文翻译.docx

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1、原文Coming Soon to a P.C. Near You: The Past, Present, and Future of Movie Copyright Infringement on the Internetby Stephen BatesINTRODUCTIONThe latest Hollywood blockbuster just opened in theaters across the country today. Youve seen the commercials. You have read the reviews. You have even stayed up

2、 well past midnight to watch the stars promoting the movie on late night talk shows. If you are like most people, to see this movie, you would probably drive down to your local Cineplex and dish out $9.00 for the flick. There are a growing number of movie fans, however, that save the gas money for t

3、he drive and their $9.00 and watch the same movie from the comfort of their home office on their personal computer for free. For years, the battle over copyright infringement on the Internet was between the music industry and software developers/users. Now, with advances in technology that allow ful

4、l-length movies to be downloaded in as little as 2 hours, the motion picture industry has entered the fray. To survive, in a game of keeping up with the Jones, the motion picture industry must embrace the technology it has been fighting because current copyright laws offer them no protection.This pa

5、per will explore the growing popularity of movie piracy and the Internets role in making it accessible to millions. Part I of this paper will give a brief overview of copyright law in general. Part II will trace the history of copyright infringement on the Internet and the lawmakers response to this

6、 infringement. Part III will explore motion picture copyright infringement both offline and online. This paper will also discuss the present uses of technology to facilitate infringement, offer predictions for future copyright issues and provide possible solutions.I.BACKGROUND OF COPYRIGHT LAWThe Co

7、pyright Act of 1976 protects all original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression. Works of authorship include literary works, musical works, dramatic works, pictorial works, motion pictures, sound recordings and architectural works. Authors of such works have exclusive rights

8、 related to those works. These rights include the right to (1) reproduce the work; (2) prepare a derivative work; (3) distribute copies of the work; (4)perform the work publicly; (5) display the copyrighted work publicly; and (6) to perform a copyrighted sound recording publicly by means of a digita

9、l audio transmission. There are limitations, however, to an authors rights as well. Anyone who violates the rights of the author is an infringer against whom the author is entitled to bring an infringement action. The remedies available to the plaintiff include injunctions against the infringer, imp

10、ounding of infringing articles, damages and profits, and costs and attorneys fees. Also, an infringer exposes himself to criminal penalties. A party can be found guilty of infringement in two ways: 1) direct Infringement and 2) infringement by a third party. Although he may not be liable for direct

11、infringement, a party may be a third party infringer liable for the acts of another who is a direct infringer via the doctrines of contributory infringement and vicarious liability. A third party commits contributory infringement if he with the knowledge of the infringing activity, induces, causes o

12、r materially contributes to the infringing conduct of another or is vicariously liable if he has the right and ability to supervise the infringing activity and also has a direct financial interest. As opposed to contributory infringement (which requires direct knowledge), in vicarious liability the

13、defendant needs to only hold a financial interest. II. COPYRIGHT LAW AND THE INTERNETA. What is the Internet?The Internet grew out of a U.S. Defense Department program called Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), established in 1969 with connections between computers at the University

14、 of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Research Institute, the University of California-Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. Today the Internet is comprised of a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data tr

15、ansmission and exchange. Both public entities and private citizens own the computers and computer networks that comprise the Internet. The resulting whole is a decentralized, global medium of communications - or cyberspace - that links people, institutions, corporations, and governments around the w

16、orld. People access the Internet using personal computers connected directly to a local network or indirectly through the use of an Internet Service Provider (ISP).The most common methods of communications on the Internet . can be roughly grouped into six categories: (1) one-to-one messaging (such a

17、s e-mail), (2) one to-many messaging (such as listserv), (3) distributed message databases (such as USENET newsgroups), (4) real time communication (such as Internet Relay Chat), (5) real time remote computer utilization (such as telnet), and (6) remote information retrieval (such as ftp, gopher, an

18、d the World Wide Web).Most people use email and the World Wide Web (WWW). Most of these methods of communication can be used to transmit text, data, computer programs, sound, visual images (i.e., pictures), and moving video images.B. Copyright Infringement on the Internet1. Direct InfringementInfrin

19、gement generally consists of the violation of one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder, specified in 106 of the Copyright Act. To prove direct infringement, a plaintiff must prove (1) ownership of the copyrights, and (2) copying by the defendant. Direct infringement does not require inten

20、t or any particular state of mind, although willfulness is relevant to the award of statutory damages. To be liable for direct infringement, one must actively engage in and directly cause the copying. Sometimes it is easy for courts to find a defendant liable for direct infringement. Such was the ca

21、se in UMG Recordings v.MP. In UMG Recordings, the plaintiffs were record companies that sued an Internet company for copyright infringement. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendant bought copies of their recordings, copied the recordings onto its computer servers and replayed the recordings for it

22、s subscribers. The defendant argued the copying was protected by fair use. The court found the fair use defense was an inadequate defense because the defendant simply repackaged the recordings to facilitate their transmission through another medium and it was an insufficient basis for any legitimate

23、 claim of transformation.2. Indirect InfringementIn cases where the Internet is used as a conduit for infringement, plaintiffs have had to rely upon the principles of contributory and vicarious copyright infringement to hold infringers liable. This strategy has been necessary because establishing di

24、rect infringement is difficult considering the inherent nature of the Internet. Infringing material is usually distributed on the Internet via ISPs, websites, peer-to-peer software and bulletin boards. Through the use of these methods an infringer who distributes infringing material is likely using

25、anothers Internet operations. In such cases, the infringer usually does so anonymously. This presents a challenge to plaintiffs seeking to identify the direct infringers. Thus, plaintiffs must resort to holding ISPs, website owners, bulletin board owners and manufacturers of peer-to-peer software li

26、able for the actions of their users. 译文：互联网上电影侵权问题的过去、现在和将来史蒂芬贝茨简介最新的好莱坞大片今天刚开始在全国各大影院上映。你看过它的广告，你也看过它的预告片，你甚至熬夜看过那些明星在深夜谈话节目中对这部电影的宣传。如果你像大多数人一样，那么为了看这部电影，你也许会开车到你们当地的电影院，花9美元买一张电影票。然而越来越多的影迷，节省了他们开车去电影院的油费和那张9美元的电影票，他们坐在自己舒适的家庭办公室里，用他们的个人电脑免费地看着同样的电影。多年来，网上侵权的斗争主要发生在音乐产业和软件产业的开发者和使用者之间。而现在，随着技术的进步

27、，在网上下载整部电影甚至都不需要2个小时，所以电影业也加入到了这场斗争之中。为了生存，在游戏中“赶上琼斯”，电影业必须迎合其一直为之战斗的科技，因为现在的版权法不能给他们任何保障。本文将探讨越来越普遍的电影盗版问题以及互联网在使这个问题加剧的过程中所承担的角色。本文的第一部分将给出现有版权法的概要。第二部分将会追溯网络盗版的历史以及立法者对此种侵权行为的回应。第三部分将会探讨在离线和在线两种状态下电影的侵权问题。本文也会讨论因现代科技的使用而使侵权变得更容易的问题，并且提供对未来版权问题的预测以及可能的解决方法。.版权法的背景1976年实施的版权法保护“原创者以任何有形媒介所表达的作品”。原创

28、者的作品包括文学作品，音乐作品，戏剧作品，绘画作品，电影，声音录音以及建筑作品。这些作品的作者拥有这些作品的独有权利。这些权利包括：（1）复制作品（2）制作衍生品（3）分销复制品（4）公开处理作品（5）公开展示作品（6）以数字音频传输手段公开操作受版权保护的音频。当然，对作者的权力也有限制。任何侵犯作者权利的人即被视为侵权者，作者有权对其提起侵权诉讼。原告可以采取的补救措施包括禁止侵权者继续侵权，没收侵权文章，要求赔偿损失、利润、花费以及律师费。并且侵权人也会被处以刑事处罚。一个团体在下列两种情况下会被视为侵权：1）直接侵权2）通过第三方侵权虽然他可以不对侵权负直接责任，但却可以通过其他直接侵

29、权人对侵权责任的分担成为第三方侵权人。如果第三方团体有“知识侵权，引起、造成或者实质性的帮助其他人侵权”这样的行为，或者他“有权利和能力去监督侵权行为以及与侵权行为有直接利益关系”，那么他就需要承担侵权责任。与共同侵权情形不同（这需要直接的知识），被告只要有利益关系就会承担替代责任。.版权法和网络A.什么是互联网互联网的前身是被称作“高级研究计划局计算机网络”的美国国防部计划，此计划设立于1969年，其实质是位于洛杉矶的加利福尼亚大学、斯坦福研究所、加州大学圣巴巴拉分校以及犹他大学里电脑间的互联。今天的互联网是由全世界的电脑网络所组成的计算机网络，这个网络使用TCP/IP协议来进行数据的传输和

30、交换。公共机构和私人都具有连接网络的电脑，这带来的结果是一个分散的全球性的交流媒介，或者称之为“网络空间”，它将全球的个人，机构，企业和政府连接到了一起。人们利用连接到本地网络的电脑直接访问网络，或者间接地通过网络服务提供商（ISP）来访问网络。“在网上最常见的通讯方式可以分为六类：（1）一对一的信息交流（如e-mail），（2）一对多信息交流（如邮件用户清单服务）”（3）分布式数据信息库（如新闻组），（4）实时通信（如互联网中继聊天），（5）实施远程计算机利用（如远程登录），（6）远程信息检索（如FTP，地鼠和万维网）。” 大多数人用电子邮件和万维网来交流。这些交流方式都可以用来传递文字、数

31、据、计算机程序、声音、照片以及视频文件。B.网络侵权1.直接侵权依据版权法第106条，侵权行为一般包括直接侵犯版权人独有的版权。为证明被直接侵权，原告需证明版权的所有权以及被告“复制”了这个版权。虽然故意与否是与法律赔偿相关的，但直接侵权不需要任何意图或者心理的特殊状态。要负直接侵权责任，必须“积极参与”以及“直接导致”抄袭行为。有时候法院很容易发现被告直接侵权。比如环球唱片起诉MP侵权案件。在这个案例中，原告是影音公司，其起诉的是一家互联网公司。原告声称被告购买了他们的录音拷贝，然后将其上传至其服务器并且在互联网上允许订阅者播放。被告辩称其所购买的录音拷贝被“合理的保护”。法庭认定被告所持有的“合理保护”的辩解是不充分的，因为被告只是将音频简单包装以后上传到其他媒介之中，这个转换并没有充分合法的理由。2.间接侵权在以网络为媒介的侵权案例中，原告不得不依靠分担和替代侵权原则来使被告承担责任。考虑到互联网的固有属性，这种策略是很必要的，因为想要认定被告直接侵权是很困难的。侵权材料一般会通过互联网服务供应商、网站、P2P软件和电子公告板分布在网络上，而侵权者往往会通过这些手段来售卖侵权材料。在这些案例中，侵权人经常匿名。这让原告在认定侵权人侵权的事实时面临着许多挑战。因此，被告必需求助于使互联网服务供应商、网站所有者、电子公告板所有者以及P2P软件制造商来对他们用户的侵权行为负责。