Study on English Antonyms Application英语专业毕业论文.doc

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1、Study on English Antonyms ApplicationAbstract: English is a language phenomenon that is an important antonyms for its unique rhetorical function, often in the daily life and the literary works are widely used. Especially when literature masters in characters, depict situations, describing the psycho

2、logical, statement or refute views, but excels using antonyms are controlled, contradiction and inverse that decorate, thereby to increase the literary works of art charm and eloquence persuasive. In contrast, the reference of linguistics research, the definition of antonyms, the types and rhetorica

3、l functions of standard for further exploration and study.摘要: 英语反义词这一重要语言现象因其独特的修辞功能, 常常在日常生活及文学作品中得以广泛运用。尤其当文学大师们在塑造人物、描绘情景、描写心理、陈述或反驳观点等的时候, 更是擅长运用反义词进行逆说、对照、矛盾修饰等, 从而为文学作品增添了浓郁的艺术魅力和雄辩的说服力。本文对比、借鉴语言学界的诸多研究, 对反义词的界定标准、类型及修辞功能进行了进一步的探索和研究。Key words: Antonyms, British and American literature, applic

4、ationEnglish dictionary definitions of antonyms in the specified in part as follows:(1).word of opposite meaning; (2).word that is contrary in meaning to another (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, 1982); (3).a word that is opposite in meaning to another word (Collin s Concise E

5、nglish Dictionary, 1978); (4).a word of opposite meaning (Websters Third New International Dictionary , 1976) ; (5).words that are oppositeAbove all, only emphasizes the definition of the opposite sex or antonyms meanings of words and relativity of the opposite way and no specific instructions, for

6、example, hot and cold stands for dead and alive with lend, with each word borrow etc between the opposite way is not exactly the same. These concepts are emphasized the difference between semantic antonyms, and ignored them in grammar and pragmatic aspects, such as the consistency or similarity with

7、 cold stands for your thing, and marriage, beauty and ugly word can say such groups because they while antonym, contrary to the semantic equivalent, but theyre not the grammatical units. In addition, antonyms are often used for example, so as to reflect the contrast of nature and human life, the phe

8、nomenon of the unity of opposites in literary creation also common occurrence, such as Dickens used at the very beginning of A tale of two cities, “ the spring of hope the winter of despair”. The authors are two words to lift it and use, apparently because of contrast recovery of vitality because al

9、l languished in spring and lifeless winter of, thus making it gained antonyms are and the qualification. Like in the Ode to the West Wind of Shelley. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” the last sentence, it seems that are far. But put it on and as antonyms are used for. Because of the many

10、 different antonyms, the famous British semantics home John Lyons on the semantics and the theoretical introduction to linguistics musikgeschichte, the conflict between the word and the word into the opposite and complementary relationship with relative three. Lyons thinks that, antonyms in semantic

11、s is classified, so he can only with every big, hot and cold stands for these words on the opposite in meaning as antonyms, because they can clearly reflected on the semantic features of the opposite polarity. Nevertheless, in the daily operation of the language and English teaching, usually male an

12、d female, also sell, left and crashes with the right words such as groups because they also has the semantic relation. Antonyms are contrary to the semantic equivalent units and the different words grammar. But in English in a word, the two inter-opposites itself with the meaning of a word, such as

13、dust: the verb, can remove dirt, said can also mean ; raise dust. Twilight word noun, can say , can also mean sun , etc. To sum up, the standard should be defined antonyms, the same range of semantic meaning, contrary, relative or complementary and is often used to lift a pair.I. The division standa

14、rd and types of AntonymsA. According to the characteristics of morphology, antonym can be divided into two categories: a. Root Antonyms. Such as: deep and rest, and the webmaster, left and right, and the time, love and are the group when words are the root morphology, because from antonyms, they eac

15、h word is no marks. b. Derivative Antonyms. Such as: during the unhappy, like there and technique, and the word impossible and the group are derived antonyms, because they are from the same root and said the prefix or suffix contrary semantics, and in the significant relationship, there is a mark. B

16、. According to the semantic features, antonym can be divided into three categories: a. Converse Antonyms. Such as good and sorrow, it, hot and cold stands for, and etc, they have opposite polarity in semantic relation, affirmation party means deny another party, but denied party does not necessarily

17、 have to make sure that the other party, because this kind of opposites in the axis of the poles, still exists between the poles among some, can have different degrees of comparison relationship, such as: hot and cold stands for this group in the middle of the opposite polarity, warm and antonyms co

18、ol and comparison of two degrees. b. Complementary Antonyms. Male and female, such as: your dead and alive, such word, I and other groups of relationship between only exists between certain party means denial, the other party, negative side inevitably means sure the other party. c. Interchangeable A

19、ntonyms. This kind of opposites in the meaning of the relationship between the reverse is opposite to reverse, the production performance in three aspects: behavior processes, such as: borrow and lend, sorts and sell etc, Social relationships, such as: husband, prince and princess and face; etc. Azi

20、muth, such as: above and below, left and right, etc.II. Antonyms in application of literary worksBecause of the objective things, antonyms are the unity of opposites in the language of the relationship, so many astronomers are often used to depict the characters, the scene, depicting the psychologic

21、al, properly using their rhetorical function, the unique antonym vividly reveals the opposite of things, and through the contrast are set for literary works, thus adding more rich artistic charm and eloquence persuasive. A. Poetry. Cleanth Brooks once said Language of poetry in Language is paradox ,

22、 The Language of poetry translation is the inverse said. This sentence is a word of the paradox of antonyms itself contains. Examples as follows:a. P. B. Shelley wrote in the Ode to West Wind: “Wild Spring, which art moving everywhere; Destroyer and Preserver: hear, oh, hear!” In this sentence in th

23、e west, Shelley, compared with both destroyer preserver as to seem, at first glance, but could not think up and think logically, the winter is swept across the west window, and litter in the spring of recovery, rosy. As the famous end of the poem: “If winter comes, Can spring be far behind?” b. Jame

24、s Russel Lowel wrote in his poems The Foun Tain: Glad of allweathers,Still seeming best,Upward or downward,Motion thy rest;In this example, the use of a combination of two pairs of antonyms, namely of opposites upward and downward motion, and the rest, so that when the fountain, while the rise of th

25、e situation is still alive in the eyes to display. c. Henry Longfellow wrote in his poem A symphony of dust: “Art is long and time is fleeting” . He took two words long and fleeting, to illustrate the art and the profound truth. B. Drama. The playwright of opposites is handy, and application of the

26、typical reflected in Shakespeares works, such as in Romeo and Juliet of Shakespeare:Beautiful tyrant! Fiend angelical!Dove2featherd raven! Wolfish lamb!Despised substance of divinest show!Just opposite to what thou justly seemstA damned saint, an honorable villain!In this passage, Shakespeare used a

27、 lot of English composition antonyms, the common rhetoric paradox, oxymoron and read these sentences are beginning seems absurd, such as people, but carefully thinking madness, Shakespeare was found by these opposites image depicted the leaf that Romeo kill the views of complex psychological cousin

28、to Romeo, love and hatred for Romeo is felt intertwined: angels, and think he is a devil, the desire for love, not to. In addition, in Shakespeares Hamlet, is also used in funeral dirge and mirth to marriage in this group, realistically antonym of aspiring brother out to kill Claudius empty feeling

29、false righteousness, cunning and cruelty hypocrite-this image.C. Novels. For example: Dickens in A Tale of Two Cities is used in the opening of the French revolution, and antonyms before the contradiction and crisis, complex storm to atmosphere foil incisively and vividly: “It was the best times, it

30、 was the worst times, it was the age of wisdom , it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief , it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of light , it was the season of darkness , it was the spring of hope , it was the winter of despair , we had everything before us , we had n

31、othing before us”. In this paragraph, 6 citing, arrangement pairs of antonyms, neat, and stretches letters, is using the model.And SaKeLeiin wrote in the Vanity Fair Vanity: “Bu t after a scene in which one person was in earnest and the other a perfect performer”. In this example, by using the SaKeL

32、ei comparison rhetoric, two girls were different qualities: a call contrast, a virtual feeling false righteousness. By contrast, it highlighted the false after a girl.D. Speech, also has many great trouble-makers using opposites. From the previous under American presidential inauguration speech, we

33、can find out somewhat one spot. a. John Kennedy in his inaugural speech said: “If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.” b. Abraham Lincoln in his famous Gettysburg speech said: “The brave man, living and dead , also struggled here, have consecrated i

34、t, far above our poor power to add or detract.” c. Martin Ruther King in his named speech I Have a Dream said: “One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of a poverty in the midst of vast ocean of material prosperity.” In the above example, the three are using the same kind of rhet

35、oric: antithesis, to put the same or similar structure and meaning opposite or the language units parallel list, or argue, or argument, or control, so that their views of the speech, position, rich, fast-temped greatly influence and persuasive, tidy and beautiful, sound and harmonious language form

36、bright contrast, thus greatly enhanced the appeal and convincing speech. Above the superficial studies of English antonyms relative to its extensive practical value and rhetorical functions, it is far from enough, future research in this field has yet to be further strengthening and deepening.Refere

37、nces:1 Leech, Geoffrey, Semantics M. London: Penguin Books, 19812 徐鹏. 英语辞格M . 北京: 商务印书馆, 19963 张韵斐. 现代英语词汇学概况M . 北京: 北京师范大学出版社, 19874 Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoretical LinguisticsM. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19965 Lyons, John, Semantics M. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1

38、977生命列车The Train Of Life1. 不久以前，我读了一本书。书中把人生比作一次旅行。2. 人生一世，就好比是一次搭车旅行，要经历无数次上车、下车; 时常有事故发生; 有时是意外惊喜，有时却是刻骨铭心的悲伤 3. 降生人世，我们就坐上了生命列车。我们以为我们最先见到的那两个人-我们的父母，会在人生旅途中一直陪伴着我们。 4. 很遗憾，事实并非如此。他们会在某个车站下车，留下我们，孤独无助。他们的爱、他们的情、他们不可替代的陪伴，再也无从寻找。 5. 尽管如此，还会有其他人上车。他们当中的一些人将对我们有着特殊的意义。 6. 他们之中有我们的兄弟姐妹, 有我们的亲朋好友。我们还将

39、会体验千古不朽的爱情故事。7. 坐同一班车的人当中，有的轻松旅行。8. 有的却带着深深的悲哀 还有的,在列车上四处奔忙，随时准备帮助有需要的人 9. 很多人下车后，其他旅客对他们的回忆历久弥新 但是，也有一些人，当他们离开座位时，却没有人察觉。10. 有时候，对你来说情深义重的旅伴却坐到了另一节车厢。你只得远离他，继续你的旅程。11. 当然，在旅途中，你也可以摇摇晃晃地穿过自己的车厢，去别的车厢找他 12. 可惜，你再也无法坐在他身旁，因为这个位置已经让别人给占了 .13. 没关系。旅途充满挑战、梦想、希望、离别 就是不能回头。因此，尽量使旅途愉快吧！14. 善待旅途上遇见的所有旅客，找出人们

40、身上的闪光点。15. 永远记住，在某一段旅程中，有人会犹豫彷徨，因为我们自己也会犹豫彷徨。16. 我们要理解他人，因为我们需要他人的理解。17. 生命之谜就是：我们在什么地方下车？坐在身旁的伴侣在什么地方下车？我们的朋友在什么地方下车？我们无从知晓 18. 我时常这样想：到我该下车的时候，我会留恋吗？我想我还是会的。和我的朋友分离，我会痛苦。让我的孩子孤独地前行，我会悲伤。 我执著地希望在我们大家都要到达的那个终点站，我们还会相聚 19. 我的孩子们上车时没有什么行李，如果我能在他们的行囊中留下美好的回忆，我会感到幸福。20. 我下车后，和我同行的旅客都还能记得我，想念我，我将感到快慰。21.

41、 献给你, 我生命列车上的同行者, 祝您旅途愉快!1. Not long ago, I read a book, in which a mans life was compared to a journey.2. The life of a man is just like a hitchhiking，during which many times we go up and down. Now and then things will happen accidently, some of which are to be unexpected excitement，while some hear

42、t-breaking sorrows. 3. When first embraced the world，we are already on the train of life. We take it for granted that the first two persons, our parents, whom we are encountered with, will accompany us all the way.4. Sadly，things do not go on as we thought.Our parents will get off the train at a cer

43、tain station，leaving us, bereft and helpless.Their love and emotion to us and their irreplaceable company can be found in nowhere.5. However，there will be somebody else who will get on the train. Some of them will have special meaning to us.6. Some of them may be our siblings , relatives and friends

44、, and we will also expereince the imperishable love.7. Some of our travelling companions are quite light-hearted on the way.8. While some may bear immense sorrow.Still some ,back and forth, are ready to hold out their hands for others who need help.9. Some people alight off the train, yet they are s

45、till kept in the mind of the other passengers for long;some, to the opposite, leave their seats without being noticed.10. Sometimes, the one,who is dear to your heart, has huddled into another carriage. Nothing but one you can do is just to keep on going, far away from him.11. Of course, during the

46、journey, you may stagger to another carriage to look for him.12. Its a pity that you will never seat yourself beside him because the seat has been engaged by others. 13. Never mind. The journey is full of challenges,dreams, hopes and departures- but only one thing is that you cant turn back. So, hav

47、e a good journey with heart and soul.14. Show your good-will to all the passengers you are encountered with, and find the merits of theirs.15. Remeber that someone may oscillate just as we do in the journey.16. We should understand others just as we need others understanding.17. The enigma of life i

48、s：Where shall we get off the train of life?And how about the companions beside us?And our friends?We dont know.18. Sometimes I think：When my time comes to get off the train，shall I miss it？I think I will.It is a suffering when I part with my friends.I will be sorry for leaving my kids going alone.I firmly hold that when we get to the terminal，we will have another reunion.19. When my kids get on the train of life, they have only little luggage in their travelling bags. However,if I can leave the beautiful memory in them,I will be happy. 20. After getting off t