土木工程概论-毕业设计外文翻译.doc
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1、外文原文Introduction to CivilEngineeringAbstract:Thecivilengineeringisahugediscipline,butthemost important is architecture,whether inChinaorabroad,hasalonghistory,long-term development process. The whole worldischangingeveryday,butthearchitecture alsoalongwiththe progress ofscience anddevelopment.Mechan
2、icsfindings,materialofupdate, evermore scientific technology intothearchitecture.Butbeforearoomwithatiletocover thetop of thehouse,now forcomfort,differentideas,differentscientific, promotedthe development of civil engineering,makingitmoreperfect.Keywords:Civilengineering;Architecture;Mechanics;Mate
3、rialsCivil engineeringisbuildvariousprojectscollectively. Itwasmeanttobeand military projectcorresponding. In English thehistoryofCivil Engineering, mechanical engineering,electrical engineering,chemicalengineeringare all civil,because theyallhave civilian character.Later,astheprojectdevelopmentof s
4、cienceandtechnology,mechanical,electrical,chemical hasgradually formedindependentscientific,toEngineeringbecameCivilEngineeringofspecialized nouns.Sofar,inEnglish,toEngineeringincludewaterconservancyproject,port Engineering,Whileinourcountry,waterconservancyprojectsandportprojectsalsobecomeveryclose
5、and civilengineeringrelativelyindependentbranch.Civilengineeringconstructionofobject,bothreferstothatbuilt onthe ground,underground water engineeringfacilities,alsoreferstoappliedmaterialsequipment andconductoftheinvestigation,designandconstruction,maintenance,repairandotherprofessionaltechnology.Ci
6、vilengineeringisakindofwithpeoplesfood,clothing,shelterandtransporthascloserelationoftheproject.Amongthemwithliverelationshipisdirectly.Because,tosolvethe liveproblemmustbuildvarioustypesofbuildings.Tosolvetheline,foodandclothesproblembothdirectside,butalsoaindirectside.Line,mustbuildrailways,roads,
7、Bridges,Feed,mustbewelldrillingwater,waterconservancy,farmirrigation, drainagewatersupplyforthecity,thatisdirectrelation. Indirectlyrelationshipisnomatterwhat youdo,manufacturingcars,ships,orspinningandweaving,clothing,orevenproductionsteel,launchsatellites,conducting scientificresearchactivitiesare
8、inseparablefrombuildvariousbuildings,structuresandbuildallkindsofprojectfacilities.Civilengineeringwiththeprogressofhumansocietyanddevelopment,yethasevolvedintolarge scalecomprehensivediscipline,ithasoutmanybranch,suchas:architectural engineering,therailwayengineering,roadengineering,bridgeengineeri
9、ng,specialengineeringstructure,waterandwaste waterengineering,portengineering,hydraulicengineering,environmentengineeringdisciplines.Civilengineeringasanimportantbasicdisciplines,andhasitsimportantattributesof:integrated,practicality,unity,Civilengineeringforthedevelopmentofandtheimprovementofpeople
10、slifeprovidesanimportantmaterialand technicalbasis,formanyindustrialinvigorationplayedaroleinpromoting,engineeringconstruction istheformationofafixedassetbasicproductionprocess,therefore,constructionandreal estatebecomeinmanycountriesandregions,economicpowerhouses. Constructionprojectishousingplanni
11、ng,survey,design, constructionofthefloorboard.Purposeisforhumanlifeandproductionprovideplaces.houseswillbelikeaman,itslikeamanslifeplanningenvironmentisresponsiblebytheplanners,Itslayoutandartisticprocessing,correspondingtothe bodyshape looksandtemperament,is responsiblebythearchitect,Itsstructureis
12、like apersonsbonesandlifeexpectancy,thestructuralengineerisresponsible,Itswater,heating ventilationandelectricalfacilitiessuchas thehumanorgan andthenerve,is bytheequipmentengineerisresponsiblefor.Alsolikenatureintactshapedlikepeople,inthecityIdistrictplanningbasedonbuildhouses,andisthe construction
13、unit,reconnaissance unit,designunitofvariousdesignengineersandconstructionunitscomprehensivecoordinationandcooperationprocess.Afterall,butisstructuralstressbodyreactionforceandthe internalstressandhowexternalforcebalance.Buildingtotackle,alsomustsolvetheproblemis mechanicalproblems.Wehaveto solve th
14、eproblemofdisciplinecalledarchitecturalmechanics.Architecturalmechanicshavecanbedividedinto:statics,materialmechanicsandstructuralmechanicsthreemechanicalsystem.Architecturalmechanics isdiscussionandresearchbuildingstructureandcomponentinloadandotherfactors affectingtheworkingconditionof,alsoisthebu
15、ildingofintensity,stiffnessandstability.In load,bearloadandloadofstructureandcomponentcancausethesurroundingobjectsintheirfunction,andtheobjectitselfbytheloadeffectanddeformation,andthereisthepossibilityofdamage,butthestructureitselfhascertain resistancetodeformationanddestructionofcompetence,andthe
16、bearingcapacityof thestructuresizeisandcomponentofmaterials,crosssection,andthestructuralpropertiesofgeometrysize,workingconditionsandstructure circumstancerelevant.Whiletheserelationshipscanbeimprovedbymechanicsformulasolvedthroughcalculation. Buildingmaterialsin buildingandhasapivotalrole.Building
17、 materialis withhuman societyproductivityandscienceand technology improvesgraduallydeveloped.Inancienttimes,thehumanlives,thelineUSESistherocksandtrees.In the 12th to 4th century BC created tiles and tiles,human being only useful man-made materials made of housing. After the17thcentury,with the pig
18、iron and wrought iron,untilthe18thcenturyhadPortlandcement,justmakelaterreinforcedconcreteengineeringgetvigorousdevelopment.Nowallsortsof high strengthstructuralmaterials,new decorationmaterialsandwaterproofmaterialdevelopment,criterionand 20thcenturysincemidorganicpolymermaterialsincivilengineering
19、arecloselyrelatedtothewidelyapplication.Inallmaterials,themostmainandmostpopularissteel,concrete,lumber,masonry.Inrecentyears,byusingtwokindsofmaterialadvantage,willmakethemtogether,thecombinationofstructurewasdeveloped.Now,architecture,engineeringqualityfitandunfitqualityusuallyadoptedmaterials qua
20、lity,performanceandusingreasonableornothavedirectconnection,inmeetthe sametechnicalindicatorsandqualityrequirements,underthepreconditionofchoice ofdifferent materialisdifferent,usemethodofengineeringcosthasdirectimpact.Inconstructionprocess,buildingconstructionisand architecturalmechanics,buildingma
21、terialsalsoimportantlinks.Constructionistothemindofthedesigner,intentionandideainto realisticprocess,fromtheancientcaveman tothe skyscrapers,fromruraltourbancountryroadelevatedroadallneedthrough constructionmeans.Aconstructionproject,includingmanyjobssuchasdredging engineering,deepfoundationpitbraci
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