传播学英文材料An Introduction to Communication.doc

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1、Text One An Introduction to CommunicationI. Words Study i) New Words:sociology n. 社会学 psychology n. 心理学economics n. 经济学politics n. 政治学academic adj. 学院的, 理论的system n. 系统，体系environment n. 环境biological n. 生物学的community n. 团体，社会，社区root n. 根mechanism n. 机制symbol n. 象征means n. 手段，方法preserve v. 保存opposite

2、adj. 相反的，对立的conduct v. 进行，操作gesture n. 姿势，手势facial adj. 面部的pitch n. 声调pattern n. 类型，模式ii) Key Words & Expressions:communication n. 传播journalism n. 新闻学transfer n.& v. 传递，迁移information n. 信息circulation n. 流通，运行，循环，传播convey v. 传送，传递feedback n. 反馈，反应medium n. 媒体，媒介，中介II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW communic

3、ation is an important word in our todays academic study in journalism, sociology, psychology, economics & politics. Its also heard more & more often in our daily life. So what is communication? Communication: The transfer of social information & the circulation of social information systems.Social:

4、When we say “communication” in our study, we usually mean human communication, not animal communication; a “communication” happening in a society, not in other environments such as natural, physical or biological ones. Why we study “human communication”?Communication is the tool that makes societies

5、 possible. It is no accident that communication and community have the same word root. Without communication, there would be no communities; and without community, there could be no communication. The sociologist Charles Cooley called communication “the mechanism through which human relations exist

6、and develop_ all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time”.Transfer of information:When “communication” happens, information flows from one person to another, and then the receiver may give some feedback to the giver. During this pr

7、ocess, the information is shared, and the giver and receiver can play the opposite role. Also, communication needs some medium, which is something both parts of a communication can understand. For example, two or more people come together, trying to share some information. But they are from differen

8、t countries and have different life experiences. So if they want to understand one another, they must use some medium such as English language, or even body language. In modern times, words are important tools or media for communication. But communication is not conducted entirely, or even mostly, i

9、n words. A gesture, a facial expression, a pitch pattern, a level of loudness, an emphasis, a kiss, a hand on the shoulder, a haircut or lack of one _ all these carry information.Text Two Types of CommunicationI. Words Study i) New Words:engage v. 使从事于，参加differentiate v. 区别，区分precede v. 领先，在之前，先于pre

10、fixe n. 前缀intrasquad adj. （班）内部的intercollegiate adj. 学院间的intimacy n. 亲密，隐私auditorium n. 听众席，观众席，会堂，礼堂define v. 定义，详细说明accomplish v. 完成，实现purpose n. 目的inform v. 告知entertain v. 娱乐persuade v. 说服，劝说，使相信conceive v. 构思，考虑essentially adv. 本质上distinctive adj. 与众不同的，有特色的craft n. & v. 工艺，手艺background n. 背景com

11、plex adj. 复杂的device n. 设计，装置，设备printing press n. 印刷机camera n. 照相机recorder n. 录音机singular adj. 单数的plural adj. 复数的ii) Key Words & Expressions:mass media 大众传播媒体mass communication 大众传播intrapersonal communication 自我传播interpersonal communication 人际传播group communication 群体传播audience 受众，观众，听众encode 编码code 代

12、码transmit 传输，传达，传播decode 解码internalize 使内在化II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW The communication in which the mass media engage is only one form of communication. One way to begin understanding the process of mass communication is to differentiate it from other forms of communication.Intrapersonal Communica

13、tionWe engage in intrapersonal communication when we talk to ourselves to develop our thoughts and ideas. This intrapersonal communication precedes our speaking or acting. Intrapersonal communication is an exchange of information we have with ourselves, such as when we think over our next move in a

14、video game or sing to ourselves in the shower. Typing into a computer is electronically mediated intrapersonal communication.Interpersonal CommunicationWhen people talk to each other, they are engaging in interpersonal communication. In this simplest form, interpersonal communication is between two

15、people physically located in the same place. It can occur, however, if they are physically separated but emotionally connected, like lovers on cell phones.The difference between the prefixes intra- and inter- is the key difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. Just as intras

16、quad athletic games are within a team, intrapersonal communication is within ones self. Just as intercollegiate games are between schools, interpersonal communication is between individuals.Interpersonal communication includes exchanges in which two or more people take part, but the term is usually

17、reserved for situations in which just two people are communicating. Having a face-to-face conversation over lunch and writing a letter to a friend are everyday examples. When interpersonal communication is electronically mediated, as in a telephone conversation, the term point-to-point communication

18、 is sometimes used.Group CommunicationThere comes a point when the number of people involved reduces the intimacy of the communication process. Thats when the situation becomes group communication. A club meeting is an example. So is a speech to an audience in an auditorium.Mass CommunicationCapable

19、 of reaching thousands, even millions, of people is mass communication, which is accomplished through a mass medium like television or newspapers. Mass communication can be defined as the process of using a mass medium to send messages to large audiences for the purpose of informing, entertaining or

20、 persuading.In many respects the process of mass communication and other communication forms is the same: Someone conceives a message, essentially an intrapersonal act. The message then is encoded into a common code, such as language. Then its transmitted. Another person receives the message, decode

21、s it and internalizes it. Internalizing a message is also an intrapersonal act.In other respects, mass communication is distinctive. Crafting an effective message for thousands of people of diverse backgrounds and interests requires different skills than chatting with a friend across the table. Enco

22、ding the message is more complex because a device is always used-for example, a printing press, a camera or a recorder.One aspect of mass communication that should not be a mystery is the spelling of the often-misused word communication. The word takes no “s” if you are using it to refer to a proces

23、s. If you are referring to a communication as a thing, such as a letter, a movie, a telegram or a television program, rather than a process, the word is communication in singular form and communication in plural. When the term mass communication refers to a process, it is spelled without the “s”.Rev

24、iew:communication: Exchange of ideas，information.intrapersonal Communication: Talking to oneself.interpersonal Communication: Usually two people face to face.group Communication: More than two people; in person.mass Communication: Many recipients; not face to face; a process.Text Three Components of

25、 Mass CommunicationSTUDY PREVIEW Mass communication is the process that mass communicators use to send their mass messages to mass audiences. They do this through the mass media. Think of these as the Five Ms: mass communicators, mass messages, mass media, mass communication and mass audience.Mass C

26、ommunicatorsThe heart of mass communication is the people who produce the messages that are carried in the mass media. These people include journalists, scriptwriters, lyricists, television anchors, radio disc jockeys, public relations practitioners and advertising copywriters. The list could go on

27、and on. Mass communicators are unlike other communicators because they cannot see their audience. David Letterman knows that hundreds of thousands of people are watching as he unveils his latest Top 10 list, but he cant see them or hear them chuckle and laugh. He receives no immediate feedback from

28、his mass audience. This communicating with an unseen audience distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication. Storytellers of yore told their vocabulary according to how they sensed they were being received. Mass communicators dont have that advantage, although a studio audience.

29、 Mass MessagesA news item is a mass message, as are a movie, a novel, a recorded song and a billboard advertisement. The message is the most apparent part of our relationship to the mass media. It is for the messages that we pay attention to the media. We dont listen to the radio, for example, to ma

30、rvel at the technology. We listen to hear the music.Mass MediaThe mass media are the vehicles that carry messages. The primary mass media are books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, sound recordings, movies and the web. Most theories view media as neutral carriers of messages. The people wh

31、o are experts at media include technicians who keep the presses running and who keep the television transmitters on the air. Media experts also are tinkers and inventors who come up with technical improvements, such as compact discs, DVDs, AM stereo radio and newspaper presses that can produce high-

32、quality color.Mass CommunicationThe process through which messages reach the audience via the mass media is called mass communication. This is a mysterious process about which we know far less than we should. Researchers and scholars have unraveled some of the mystery, but most of how it works remai

33、ns a matters of wonderment. For example, why do people pay more attention to some messages than to others? How does one advertisement generate more sales than another? Is behavior, including violent behavior, triggered through the mass communication process? There is reason to believe that mass comm

34、unication affects voting behavior, but how does this work? Which is most correct-to say that people can be controlled by mass communication? Or manipulated? Or merely influenced? Nobody has the answer.Mass AudiencesThe size and diversity of mass audiences add complexity to mass communication. Only i

35、ndirectly do mass communicators learn whether their messages have been received. Mass communicators are never sure exactly of the size of audiences, let alone of the effect of their messages. Mass audiences are fickle. What attracts great attention one day may not the next. The challenge of trying t

36、o communicate to a mass audience is even more complex because people are tuning in and tuning out all the time, and when they are tuned in, it is with varying degrees of attentiveness.Review:mass Communicators: Message crafters.mass Message: What is communicated.mass Media: Vehicles that carry messa

37、ges.mass Audiences: Recipients of mass messages.Text Four Communication ModelsI. Words Study i) New Words:devise vt. 设计, 发明, 图谋, 作出(计划), 想出(办法)in an attempt to 力图, 试图simplification n.简化imperfect adj.有缺点的, 未完成的, 减弱的illumination n. 照明, 阐明, 启发, 灯彩(通常用复数)mysterious adj.神秘的hobbyist n.沉溺于某种癖好者,嗜某爱好成癖的人aut

38、omobile n. 汽车scale n. 刻度,衡量,比例facsimile n. 摹写, 传真architect n. 建筑师passerby n. 过路人, 行人plumbing n. 铅工业, 铅管品制造ventilation n. 通风, 流通空气nonetheless adv. 虽然如此, 但是adequately adv. 充分地lay out 摆开, 展示, 布置, 安排, 投资advanced adj. 高级的, 年老的, 先进的switching n. 开关,转换,交换,配电,配电系统,整流diagram n. 图表reference point参考点, 控制点baseli

39、ne n. 基线narrative adj. 叙述性的Yale n.耶鲁pose v. (使.)摆好姿势, 形成, 引起, 造成channel n. 渠道，途径，方法reservoir n. 水库, 蓄水池dominance n. 优势, 统治be credited as 被誉为describe v. 描写, 记述, 形容, 形容originator n. 创作者,发明人content n. 内容 interpretable adj. 能说明的, 能翻译的, 可判断的reverse v. 颠倒, 倒转destination n. 目的地distortionn. 扭曲, 变形, 曲解, 失真or

40、iginatev. 起源, 发生literally adv. 照字面意义, 逐字地browser n. 浏览器concentric adj. 同中心的unique adj. 唯一的, 独特的ring n. 环simultaneously adv. 同时地resonate v. (使)共鸣, (使)共振gatekeep v. 把关，控制variable n. 变数, 可变物, 变量track v. 追踪，探寻轨迹comprehensive adj. 全面，广泛，能充分理解的ii) Key Words & Expressions:communication model 传播模式narrative

41、model 线性模式system model 系统模式the SMCR model 施拉姆模式concentric circle model 同心圆模式Claude Shannon 香农Warren Weaver 韦弗Harold Lasswell 拉斯韦尔Wilbur Schramm 施拉姆Thomas Bohn 波恩II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW Scholars have devised models of the communication process in an attempt to understand how the process works. Li

42、ke all models, these are simplifications and are imperfect. Even so, these models bring some illumination to the mysterious communication process.Role of Communication Models Hobbyists build models of ships, planes, automobiles and all kinds of other things. These models help them see whatever they

43、are modeling in different ways. Industrial engineers and scientists do the same thing, learning lessons from models before they actually build something to full scale. Communication models are similar. By creating a facsimile of the process, we hope to better understand the process.A reality about m

44、odels is that they are never perfect. This reality is especially true when the subject being modeled is complex. An architect, for example, may have a model of what the building will look like to passersby, but there also will be models of the buildings heating system, traffic patterns, and electric

45、al, plumbing and ventilation systems. None of these models is complete or accurate in every detail, but all nonetheless are useful. Communication models are like that. Different models illustrate different aspects of the process. The process itself is so complex that no single model can adequately c

46、over it.Basic Model Two Bell telephone engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, laid out a basic communication model in 1948. They were working on advanced switching systems. The model, fundamentally a simple diagram, gave them a reference point for their work. That model has become a standard b

47、aseline for describing the communication process. The Shannon-Weaver model identifies five fundamental steps in the communication process: The human stimulation that results in a thought. The encoding of the thought into a message. The transmission of the message. The decoding of the message by the recipient into a thought. The internalization of the message by the recipient. Narrative Model Yale professor Harold Lasswell, an early mass communication theorist, developed a useful yet simple model that was all words-no diagram. Lasswe