托福语法讲义（教师版）.docx

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1、一、题型概述（一）填空：1-15个题，考句法 句法包括简单句，并列句，主从复合句和一些常见错误用法等。（二）挑错：16-40个题，考词法好下面我们就一些特殊热点问题给大家做一个概述性介绍。二、基础语法规则（一） 词法第一章 名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数（单复数）之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 1 重要的名詞（1）重要的可數名詞discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, efforts, effect, animal, pl

2、ant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human, human being, system, fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type, kind, influence

3、, emotion, change（2）常见的不可数名词 流体：air, smoke, coffee, oil 自然现象：thunder, weather, darkness, a heavy rain, raindrops 微粒：sugar, salt, rice, powder, dust 抽象名词：intelligence（情报）, evidence, wisdom, advice 学科：mathematics, economics, statistics （统计学，作统计数据讲时可数）, physics, politics, mechanics, genetics遗传学, geolog

4、y， geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology, history 医学疾病：measles（麻疹）, mumps（腮腺炎）, diabetes（糖尿病） 总称名词：furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising（广告业）, health例题: 交易Historians (believe that)

5、some (forms) of (an advertising) must be as old (as barter) and trade.答案: C an advertisingadvertising（3）常见不规则单复数，一般考复数man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese, basis/bases, analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae, larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, st

6、imulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria, medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, phenomenon/phenomena（4）常见的单复数同形的名词（注意鱼！好多鱼）aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, means,（sheep, deer, bison, salmon, trout, carp, fish）-craft后缀单复数相同（5）只能用复数的名词：clothes, fireworks, riches, wage

7、s, ashes, thanks, sweets, scissors, spectacles, trousers集合名词：people（人们，作民族时可数）, folk（人们）, cattle（牛）, police, livestock（牲畜）（6）单复数意义不同的名词air- airs（气派） good（好处，利益）- goods（货物） part- parts（才能，划线永远对）mean（均值/中间）- means（手段/财富） arm- arms（武器） custom（习俗）- customs（海关）letter- letters（文学） spectacle（光景）- spectacle

8、s（眼镜） force- forces（武装部队）water- waters（水域，划线永远对） sky- skies（气候）（7）既有可数又有不可数的名词（注意有无数的概念，具体还是抽象）sugar, cloth, detail, light, science, form, interest, color, disease, illness, rock, stone, matter, food, culture, noise, liquid, solid, gas, climate, film, material, population, temperature, experience, s

9、peech, use, life, actionwork（工作，作品）- works（工厂，工程，工事，著作） area（面积）- areas（区域，领域）time（时间）- times（倍数，此书，时代） paper（纸）- papers（报告，文件）collection（不同种收藏品组成的集）- collections（同种藏品的集） room（空间）- rooms（房间）18 pieces of newspaper/ 18 newspapers （报纸种类） art/ in art/ .be described as an art/ all artsland（面积）-lands（区域）注

10、意：* 当不可数名词与种类相关时可转化为可数名词：a vacuum, a liquid, foods, beverages（饮料）（8）同源近形词义区别bank/banking, advertisement/advertising, architect/architecture, reason/reasoning, author/authority/authorization, poem/poet/poetry, cloth/clothes/clothing, human/humanity/humanities, produce/product/production/productivity,

11、 editor/edit/edition/editorial, variable/variety/variation, critic/critical/criticize, chemical/chemistry, management/manager, weapon/weaponry, logic/logical, measure/measurement, publish/publication, weighing/weight, nourishment/nutrition/nutritious/nutrient, machine/machinery总规律：(1) ing动作抽象化，不可数（一

12、般）(2) sugar,fish,cloth,作物质名词，不可数；表种类，则可数(3) or/er/ee 具体，tion/sion/ment/ness/ship/ing 抽象2重要的限定詞与名词单复数（1）many+复数可数n.；much+不可數n.例题:Since (the) 1950s, folk music (has had) a (significant) influence on (many) popular vocal and instrumental music.答案: D manymuchIn the practice of Gestalt therapy, (many) at

13、tention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A manymuch 看到many, various, diverse, numerous往后找C，看到much往后找UCmany.music As many as 50 percent of the income As much as 2,000 kilometers （一个距离是整体，不可数）例题：The asphalt (deposits) of La Brea Tar Pit in California (have yielded) fossils of numero

14、us (animal) of the Pleistocene epoch, including (the giant) ground sloth.答案：C animalanimals Rodents (dwell) in various (habitat), some species (being) aquatic, (some terrestrial).答案: B habitathabitats Even as he (wrote) copiously on such (diverse topic) as education, politics, and religion, Lewis Mu

15、mford (remained) active (in city) and regional planning.答案：B diverse topic topicsmuch 和 many可以做代词：Many are. . by many. Much of the information.（2）some 和 any，二者都可加单复数，都可加可数和不可数，都可做代词（同few/little代词的作用）some kinds 某些种 some kind 某一种 例题：For thousands of years, people (have used) some (kind) of refrigerati

16、on (cooling) beverages and preserve (edibles).答案: C coolingto cool（3）few little 否定a few, a little 肯定+複數可數n. +不可數n.few equipment to few extent 可做代詞：a few/few of the books例题：The Dinee, a Native American (people) of the southwestern United States, were (once) semi- nomadic hunters who (practiced) a (fe

17、w) agriculture.答案: D fewlittle（4）數詞/ several/ one of/ among + 複數可數n. 看到several, one of, among 往后找複數Ceg: five aircraft several setting ! several settings one of the philosophers among the schools 例题：The United States census人口普查 (for) 1970 (showed that) the French-speaking residents of Louisiana (were

18、) one of the countrys most compact regional linguistic (minority)答案: D minorityminorities 39. Beverly Sills was (a child) radio star (who) became one of the worlds most dramatically gifted opera (singer), making her debut初演 (at) seventeen.答案: C singersingers40. In the practice of Gestalt therapy, (m

19、any) attention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A manymuch The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major (center) for (the collection) and display of (works) of (abstract art) in the United States.答案: A centercenters Geraldine Farrar, (who) debuted as (an) opera singe

20、r in 1901, later appeared (both) on stage and in several silent (film).答案：D filmfilms Several (comet)彗星 are discovered each year, but very few of (them) are (bright) enough (to be seen) without the aid of magnification.放大答案: A cometcomets（5）every/ each 直接加單數可數n. 或者加数词和复数名词 (every/ all常考， almost all加

21、复数)eg: each major styles each ten boys every four years （every/each 修飾數詞）例题：7. Almost (every) fruits and vegetables contain riboflavin核黄素; the (richest) sources are (leafy) green vegetables (such) as spinach菠菜, kale甘蓝, or turnip greens.另一种甘蓝答案: A 。everyall8. Almost (every the) hereditary 遗传的 (materi

22、al) of (an individual) organism resides (in the) chromosomes.染色体答案：A every theevery（6）first/only/single + 单/复均可eg: the first school 第一所学校 the first schools 第一批学校a single/ no single + 单數 two single rooms 两个单人间only 表示排他性，只有，而不是表示“一个” the only university/ universities例题：Mercury水星 and Venus金星 (are) the

23、(only planets) in the solar system (where) do not have (moons).卫星 答案: C wherewhich（7）数量词=数词+量词hundred, thousand, million, billion：有数词时，量词一定不加s；无数词时，量词一定加s +ofeg: five hundred boys hundreds of boys （are）hundred million boys 这是多少？亿hundred thousand 十万 （8）another + 單數可數n 例外 another two boys相当于two more b

24、oysany other + 單數可數n. eg: any other state=any of the other states other + 複數可數n. other part(s) 除外例题：（When canned）(using) proper methods, food suffers (no) loss in vitamins or (another) nutritive elements.答案：D anotherother using表达方式状语时，相当于by using（9）a number of + 复noun. + 复谓语the number of + 复noun. +

25、单谓语例题：(At) birth, an infant (exhibits) a (remarkable) number of motor (response).答案: D responseresponses3名詞做定語的單複數問題（1）名词做定语。即n1修饰n2, n1必须为单数。color effects, employment agencies, sentence form, tree trunks, tomato crops, Sister lotus例外：a sales girl, a sales tax, a greetings card, a sports car（賽車）, a

26、savings bank（儲蓄銀行）,a communications satellite, a systems engineering例题：In the United States, (about) 75 percent of (the total) (tomatoes) crop (is processed) into juice, canned tomatoes, causes, pastes, and ketchup.答案: C tomatoestomato It has been reported that (during) any twenty-four (hour) period

27、, (a minimal of) three hundred North American women (start) their own businesses. 形容词答案: C minimalminimum（2）man或woman修饰noun.时，其单复数应该同时变：a woman boxer ! women boxers 例题：Sarah and Angelina Grimke (were among) the first (woman doctors) (to lecture) in (public) in the United States.答案: B woman doctorswo

28、men doctors (The superintendent) of women (nurse) for the Union Army (during) the Civil War (was) Dorothea Dix.答案: B nursenurses（3）表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室等與教學相關名詞时，只能用学科名本身修饰 eg: a physics students, a mathematics professorthe highest scientific awardthe highest science awardthe biological text bookthe

29、biology text booka chemical laba chemistry lab例题：4. Because they are (generally) taken simply to obtain a (recognizable) and relatively (clear) image, most non-professional photographs demand (few) equipment.答案: D fewlittle10. Winter broccoli椰菜 has large, white heads (similar to) (those) of cauliflo

30、wer花椰菜, (whereas) sprouting发芽的 broccoli produces numerous small purplish, green, or white (clump).丛生答案: D clumpclumps第二章 冠词1 不定冠詞（a/an 划线，80%都是错误的）（1）a/an的區別(元音而非元音字母)an: hour, undergraduate ,understanding ,oyster牡蛎 ,honest ,emotion, atom a : unique ,university, unite, yawn The Everglades湿地, a large

31、 swamp (area), is (an) unique (wilderness) extending over (much) of southern Florida.答案: B ana（2）a/an与复数名词的混用a /an+ adj. + 单数名词! the + adj. + 複數n 不一定例题：15. Jim Thorpe, (a football), track, and baseball (stars) from Pennsylvania, is considered (by many to) be the (greatest) all-around athlete of mode

32、rn times.答案: B starsstar C中by many to=by many people16. (For) a seagoing, cargo-carrying sailing (vessels), the clipper ship was (remarkably) (fast).答案: B vesselsvessel (The) planet Mars is a (freezing), barren (deserts) with huge, dry canyons (and) towering volcanoes.答案: C deserts desert The Rocky

33、Mountains (were) explored (by) fur traders during the early 1800s, in (a) decades (preceding) the United States Civil War.答案: C athe（3）不定冠词的遗漏 固定短语中a的遗漏a set of / a variety of / a series of / a collection of / a wide range of / a group of + Ca piece of/ a wealth of很多的 + UC例题：A march is (highly) rhyt

34、hmic piece of music (first) used (by military) bands (to accompany) marching.答案: A highlya highly An oak trunk (extended) family consists (of core) group of males, their (wives), (and) their unmarried daughters.答案: B of coreof a core (Because of its) maneuverability可操作性 and ability (to land) and tak

35、e off in (small areas), the helicopter is used (in wide) range of services.答案: D in widein a wide 单数可数名词前必须有限定词（指示代词，人称代词，不定代词，冠词，所有格），不能裸体限定词：冠词；形容词性物主代词；所有格；指示代词；不定代词eg: it is a/his/Toms/that/some very good book.I have book() / books()/ time () 复数和不可数可以 prep+单数可数名词 错例题：18. (Today), fifty (years af

36、ter) its construction, the Alaska Highway (conveys) 40,000 vehicles (in normal) year.答案: D in normalin a normal 19. (The hardness) (of mineral) often (gives) a clue to (its) identity.答案: B of mineralof a mineral36. The (actor) James Earl Jones (gained) Broadway stardom in “The Great White Hope” for

37、his (powerful) portrayal (of prizefighter).答案: D of prizefighterof a prizefighter职业拳击手38. Large, multicolored insects (with) four wings, dragonflies (play) a very important role in the ecosystem of humid (area) by (controlling) the population of mosquitoes.答案: C areaareas40. In 1889 Jane Addams, a s

38、ocial worker in Chicago, founded Hull House, an (institution) (devoted) to the (improvement) of community life in poor (neighborhood).答案: D neighborhoodneighborhoods 17. By (identifying) similar words or structures in different languages, we find evidence (that those) languages are related (and may

39、be) derived (from same) ancestor.答案: D from samefrom the same v+单数可数名词 错 缺限定词 18. In the 1930s (few) major orchestras in the United States hired (woman), so many chose (to perform) in amateur musical groups (as an alternative).答案: B womanwomen 19. (Meridians) of longitude and parallels of latitude (

40、form grid格子) that can be used (to locate) the position of (any) point on the Earths surface.答案: B form gridform grids 15. Electric motors (range) in size from (the tiny) mechanisms that operate (sewing machine) to the great engines in (heavy locomotives).答案: C sewing machinesewing machines 例外：a. a p

41、art of= part of （part 永远对）例题：Canadian scarlet-clad (guards) and Mounties (with) horseback are (part) of the (summer scene) in Ottawa.答案: B withonb. 表示职务、身份、亲属关系的词可以单独使用（a founder 的a 可省略，也可加the）eg: Little Bush, son of George Bush, is running for the office of president. is chief of the Miami tribe Al

42、lan Pinkerton, (founder) of (the famous) detective agency that bears (him) name, directed a Civil War espionage间谍 system (behind) Confederate lines.答案: C himhisc. in + 单数名词 “在某一方面，领域”in function, in size, in color, in shape, in stage, in medical scienced. 表示“种类”名词后所接noun可单独使用eg: each type of/ kind o

43、f/ sort of/ category of shoe each category of shoes 复数也对，但单数更好e. 固定词组中的名词不要改变：in honor/ danger of, in response to2 定冠词（the）（1） 表示“独一无二”的事物 the Great Wall, the Sun, the Moon, (the) Earth（2） 序数词只有作前置定语修饰noun，才必须加the年代：in seventeenth century! in the seventeenth century排序：the eight element.- ! the eight

44、h element.陷阱：序数词的考点：加不加the，是eight或eighth* Utah ranks the first amongUtah ranks first among.* A is the second only to B ! A is second only to B A仅次于B（3） adj.最高级作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加theeg: the most desolate荒凉的 region(s) the most handsome teacher(s)例题：Proteins form (the most) of the (structure of) the (body

45、) and also (act as) enzymes.答案: A the most most 不是最高级* most的非最高級用法一定不加the：eg: the most of the structure （4） 海洋，河流，湖泊前必须加the eg: winds from Atlantic Ocean winds from the Atlantic Ocean（5） 表示“人体” the human body (习惯用法)例题：More (and) 90 percent of the calcium in the (human) body (is) in (the) skeleton答案:

46、 A andmore than more than修饰数量词=over表示“普通人” eg: the average/ common person, the ordinary person例题： (Small distinctions) among stamps, unimportant to (the person average), would (mean) a great deal (to) the stamp collector.答案: B the person average the average person（6） 表示“开始”与“结束”，必须加the eg: the beginning(s), the end Great (technical) advances in aerial and (satellite) photography (have) been made (since end) of the Second World War.答案: D since endsince the end（7） 乐器前通常加the eg: play the piano *play erhu 二胡（8） na