大学英语1-25全套讲义.docx

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1、语法基本句型句子的主要成分是主语和谓语。英语的基本句型有五种：主语用S表示，谓语用V表示，宾语用O表示；表语用C表示，宾语补足语也是C。1.SV （主谓结构）2.SVC (主系表)3.S V O（主谓宾）4.S V O O（主谓双宾）5.S V O C（主谓宾宾补）这五种基本句型的特点：都有主语和谓语；而谓语动词类别的不同决定了谓语结构的不同，不同谓语结构决定了它后面所跟的句子成分不同，从而形成不同类型的句子。1.主谓结构（SV）for example: The fruit store has closed.那家水果店关门了。They have been singing and dancing

2、 for two hours.他们又唱又跳已经两个小时了。The plane will take off soon.飞机很快就要起飞。They will fly to London.他们将飞往伦敦。2.主系表（SVC）系动词表示主语的性质、状态。常用系动词：be, become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow（变得）, turn（变成）, remain（仍然是）, come（变得）, fall（变得），hold(保持)，keep（保持），stand（保持），stay（保持），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），taste(尝起来)go: 作系动

3、词时，意为：变得The milk has gone bad.牛奶已经变质了。For example:（1）The motor is out of order.这台电机出了毛病。（2）Her mother has fallen ill.她母亲生病了。（3）The weather is getting quite warm.天气变得相当暖和。（4）The roses smell sweet.这些玫瑰气味很香。（5）Silk feels soft and smooth.丝绸摸上去又软又滑。（6）The plan sounds perfect.这个计划听起来完美无缺。3.主谓宾结构The machin

4、e is drilling a hole.这台机器正在钻孔。The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.老师不止一次地改正她的错误发音。Storytelling has many strengths in improving oral English skills.讲故事对提高英语口语能力很有作用。4.主语谓语双宾语能跟双宾语的常用动词有：give, bring, tell, send, leave, pass, read, write, take, show, teach, get, 还有award（授予），lend

5、（借），rent（租），buy（买），pay（支付）, hand (传递), recommend (推荐)等。For example: give sb. sth.He often gives me some help.他经常帮助我。The new way saved us much time.这个新方法省了我们不少时间。Could you do me a favor please?你能帮帮我的忙吗？I paid the repairman fifty dollars.我给了修理工50元。He ordered himself a soft drink.他给自己要了一瓶软饮料Mr. Smith l

6、ent me his car.史密斯先生把他的车借给了我。I found him a new textbook.我给他找了一本新的教科书。Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?我能占用你几分钟宝贵的时间吗？The president awarded him the first prize.校长授予他一等奖。手写板：give sth. to sb.buy sb. sth. Or buy sth. for sb.My father bought me a new bag last week.My father bought a n

7、ew bag for me last week.5.主语谓语宾语宾补for example : He asked me to get to school earlier.他要我早点到校。宾语宾语补足语即复合宾语。可以加复合宾语的动词有： appoint（任命），believe（相信），call（称），catch（发现），elect（选举），feel（感到）,find (发现)，like（希望），hear（听到），keep（保持），leave（听任），discover（发现），make（使），need（需要），prefer（宁愿），prove（证明），see（看见），warn（警告）for ex

8、ample : I saw him walk into your room.我看到他走进了你的房间。感官动词：see, watch, listen to, hear, etc.使让动词：make, keep, let, have etc.for example:They appointed Mr. White Minister of Foreign Affairs.他们任命怀特先生为外交部长。The board of directors elected Charles president of the university.董事会推选查尔斯为这所大学的校长。I found her rather

9、 difficult to work with.我发现很难和她共事。She likes her guests to feel at home.她希望客人不要拘束。I warned him not to be late.我曾警告他不要迟到。My father saw him steal the money.我父亲看见他偷钱。I prefer you to stay with us.我更愿意你留下来和我们在一起。You may leave the child in my care.你可以把孩子交给我照管。The police discovered the check hidden under a

10、pile of paper.警方发现那张支票藏在一堆文件下面。The woman caught her husband reading her diary.那位妇女发现她丈夫偷看她的日记。The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.那个售货员让顾客等了很长时间。Grammar ExercisesI.Write SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO or SVOC after each of the following sentences.1.The sun sets in the west. （SV）2.She h

11、as been looking for her lost watch. （SVO）时态：现在完成进行时，表示一直在进行3.They have elected him president. （SVOC）4.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. (SVC)双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。5.Bad workmen often blame their tools. （SVO）拙匠常怪工具差。6.They smelled the material burning. (SVOC)7.President Clinton clearly suspects his

12、party to have little chance of winning the next election.克林顿总统对其政党在下次选举中获胜深信不疑。(SVOC)8.She seldom showed her feelings. ( SVO)9.Could you tell me the right time, please? (SVOO)10.I always find her happy. (SVOC)11.You must get everything ready before six.(SVOC)12.Now housing problems are becoming more

13、 and more serious.(SVC)13.He advised the young man to give up smoking. (SVOC)14.She bought her daughter a foreign-brand ice-cream. (SVOO)15.His dream of becoming an engineer has come true. (SV)II.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verbs given below. Remember look gave was prefer sounds need mak

14、e worked insisted 1.They _walking to cycling.答案：prefer 更喜欢, 宁愿（1）prefer sth to sth 表示更愿意做某事而不愿做某事For example: The man preferred death to surrender. 那个人宁愿牺牲，也不愿投降。（2）Prefer to do rather than do sth For example: The man preferred to die rather than surrender. 那个人宁愿牺牲，也不愿投降。（3）prefer sb.（not）to do sth

15、更愿意让某人做某事（不愿意某人做某事）For example: I prefer you not to stay there too long.我倒希望你不要在那里呆的时间太长。（4）prefer +that clause For example: I prefer that you do not stay there too long. 我倒希望你不要在那里呆的时间太长。2.He _on being treated as an ordinary worker.答案：insisted 译文：他坚持让人们把他当成一名普通工人。3. Computers _electricity for power

16、.答案：need 4.New technology would _an office or company better organized.答案：make 5.I dont _having ever promised you that.答案：remember v.记住，记得remember to do记得要做某件事情（这件事情还没有发生）remember doing记得做了某件事情（这件事情已经发生过了）6.The flowers _especially pleasant after the rain.答案： look 7.He _late to make up for his absenc

17、e yesterday.答案：worked make up for弥补；补偿8.She _not well prepared for all the new machines in the office.答案： was 9.When you listen carefully, his story _true.答案：sounds10.He _her everything he had.答案：gaveIII. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1.After a short time the computers _from Hong K

18、ong.A. madeB. arrivedC. becomeD. paid答案：B2.He didnt tell his friend that he was _worse and worse.A. leavingB. servingC. feelingD. receiving答案：C3.The president _Mr. Baker medical advisor.A. praisedB. promisedC. imaginedD. appointed答案：D4.Quality _more than quantity.A. mattersB. furthersC. overcomesD.

19、enjoys答案：A5.The dish doesnt _so good as it looks.A. eatB. tasteC. feedD. drink答案：B6.That will _us a lot of trouble.A. dropB. cutC. saveD. spare答案：D7.He _his seat to a woman with a baby in her arms.A. offeredB. orderedC. satD. left答案：A8.I dont _what you do, but please do something.A. mind B. refuseC.

20、 objectD. care答案：A9.Have you ever _going to Canada?A. considered B. thought C. wanted D. supposed 答案：A10.If you _by bus often, you may want to buy a bus pass.A. goB. sitC. runD. ride答案：AIV.Translate the following sentences into English, using the sentence patterns given.1.这两种语言在许多方面都不一样。The two lang

21、uages are different from each other in many ways.2.聋哑人既不能说也能听。The deaf and dumb can neither hear nor speak.3.那个英国人意大利语说得非常好。The English man can speak Italian very well.4.请递给我一杯咖啡好吗？Would you please pass me a glass of coffee?5.这个时候他感到又渴又饿。At that time he felt both thirsty and hungry.6.昨晚她叫我在饭馆门口等她。 S

22、he let me wait for her at the gate of restaurant yesterday evening.7.你今天早晨什么时候起床的？When did you get up this morning?8.这个故事听起来很有趣，但它不真实。This story sounds very interesting, but its not true.9.这些肉和通心粉花了我25块钱。These meat and macaroni cost me twenty-five yuan.10.她经常教这些孩子唱英文歌曲。She often teaches these childr

23、en to sing English songs.Text AThe Atlantic OceanNew Wordssailorn.水手，海员actor动词+or 构成名词，表示男演员fishing动词fish+ing构成此类名词还有shoppingcookingsalty salt名词，本意是盐的意思 +y表示有盐的、咸的rainysnowybloodyunwilling a. 不情愿的，不愿意的willing a. 愿意的unusual 不同寻常的unfair不公平的mid-Atlantic mid-term期中eastward向东highway 一般性公路iceberg 冰山steams

24、hip 汽船airplane飞机1.unwilling的同义词 reluctant 都是表示不情愿be unwilling to do不愿意做某事 for example: Im unwilling to cooperate without having more information.没有更多消息的情况下我是不愿意合作的（我不想在了解不足的情况下进行合作）equator n.赤道联想到另外一个单词 quarter四分之一的意思km(=kilometer) n.公里；千米kilo本意千，meter 本意米bulge n.不规则突起；鼓起之处unusual a.不寻常的，与众不同的for ex

25、ample: She has unusual beauty. 她有不寻常的美。salty a.含盐的，咸的average n.平均数，平均for example: 1.The average of 3,10 and 5 is 6. 3、10、5的平均数是6。2.Henrys work at school is below the average.在学校，亨利的功课中等偏下。a.1.平均的；2.平常的，普通的for example: The average age of the students in this class is eighteen.这个班级中学生的平均年龄是18岁。v. 平均fo

26、r example: If you average 3, 6 and 9, you get 6.如果你求3、6、9的平均数，能得出6。spotn. 1.地点，处所；2.点，斑点vt. 1.点缀；2.认出，准确定位range n.山脉；幅度，范围vi.（在某范围内）变动，变化此时 range 后通常 + from to 结构 for example: Prices in the supermarket range from five yuan to several hundred yuan.在超市里面，物品的价格从五元到数百元不等。vt. 把排列成行peakn.1.山峰；2.顶点mid-Atla

27、ntic a. 大西洋中部的eastwarda.向东的ad.向东vesseln.1.船，舰；2.容器，器皿crew n. 全体船员，全体机务人员for example: The crew is pleased to hear that they can have a few days to rest.船员们听说他们可以有几天时间休息都非常高兴。becalmvt. 1.（常用被动）（指帆船）因无风而停止前进； 2.使平静，使安静gulfn.海湾streamn.小河，溪流vi. 流，通current n.1.（空气，水等的）流，潮流；2.潮流；3.电流for example: The cold c

28、urrent of air came in when he opened the window.当他把窗户打开时一股冷气流破窗而入。a.当前的，通行的for example: We Chinese have enough confidence to the current economic situation.对于目前的经济形势中国人是有足够信心的。affectvt. 影响，打动4.affect 与 effect 进行比较affect (v.) 表意是影响或者打动。effect (n.) 表意效果、结果。for example:The climate affects peoples healt

29、h.气候影响人们的身体健康。She was affected to tears by what her boyfriend said.她被男朋友的一席话感动得泪流满面。climaten.气候5.climate表意是气候（长期的大面积产生的温度效果）weather表意是天气（具体的短期内的大气的一种状况）flow vi. 流动n. 流furnishvt. 1.供应，提供；2.装备，（用家具）布置furnish information提供信息furnish room提供房间、布置房间fishingn.捕鱼，钓鱼region n.地区，区域highway n. 公路；（水陆）交通干线6.expres

30、sway高速路superhighway交通要道icebergn.冰山float vi. / vt. （使）漂浮steamshipn.汽船，轮船airplane n. 飞机Phrases and Expressionsto separatefrom使从分离（分开，隔开）for example: The Channel (特指英吉利海峡) separates England from France.英吉利海峡把英国和法国隔离开来。for example: This patient should be separated from others.这个病人应该被隔离。on (the) average根

31、据平均标准；平均而言for example: On average, there are ten thousand tourists to visit the Forbidden City.平均而言，每天有一万多人来故宫参观。to pile up累积；（指若干车辆）碰撞在一起Proper NamesAtlantic大西洋（=the Atlantic Ocean）Americas美洲（前边加定冠词the）Pacific 太平洋（=the Pacific Ocean）Columbus哥伦布（1451-1506年，意大利航海家，新大陆发现者）PuertoRico 波多黎各（岛）（美国的一个自由联邦，

32、实行自治） Azores亚速尔群岛Florida 佛罗里达（美国州名）Sargasso Sea马尾藻海（在西印度群岛东北）Gulf Stream 墨西哥湾流Labrador拉布拉多半岛（加拿大地名）Arctic北极（the Arctic北极北区；北冰洋）Grand Banks 大浅滩（纽芬兰岛东南的大西洋浅滩）Newfoundland纽芬兰（加拿大岛或省名）世界四大洋：1.the Pacific Ocean（太平洋）2.the Atlantic Ocean（大西洋）3.the Indian Ocean（印度洋）4.the Arctic Ocean（北冰洋）世界七大洲：Asia（亚洲）/ Afr

33、ica（非洲）/ Europe（欧洲）/ South America（南美洲） / North America（北美洲）/ Oceania（大洋洲）/ Antarctica（南极洲）（大西洋虽然不是最大的海洋，但它有自己的特点。地球上最深的一个点就在大西洋深处；它也是最咸的大洋）The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.（大西洋是将新旧世界分隔开来的大洋中的一个）For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered

34、by the people of Europe.For centuries 数个世纪以来，一段时间以来。keep from是使不能使不被For example：1.we must keep them from getting to know our plans.（我们必须防止他们知道我们的计划）2.we must do something to keep the roof from falling in.（我们必须采取一些措施,防止房顶塌下来）译文：数个世纪以来，正是由于大西洋的存在，使得美洲没有被欧洲人发现。Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made e

35、arly sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.（关于大西洋有很多错误的说法，这些说法使得早期的船员不愿意航行得很远很远）One idea was that it reached out to the edge of the world. Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.（其中有一个说法就是大西洋一直延伸到地球的边缘，水手们担心自己航行到地球边缘而从地球上掉落下去） Another idea was that at the equator the ocean

36、would be boiling hot.（另外一种观点是赤道附近的洋面滚烫滚烫地热）注意One idea was that中was后的that 引导的是表语从句。 1.boil v. 煮沸；沸腾蒸发。加-ing 是英语中的现在分词形式，表示滚烫滚烫地热，像沸腾的水一样热。The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it is still very large. （大西洋只有太平洋的一半大，但即使如此，它也是相当大）2.注意比较法和倍数表达法：Aistimes asas B其中asas表示同级之间进行比较，times表示

37、是几倍。连在一起表示A是B的几倍。For example：这幢楼是另外一幢楼的三倍高This building is three times as high as that one.It is more than 4,000miles(6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it.(哥伦布横渡大西洋的地方，宽约四千多英里。1mile=1.609km) Even at its narrowest it is about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) wide. (即使在最狭窄的地方，也有两千多英里宽)This narrowest place i

38、s between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.（最狭窄的地方是在南美洲突起部分和非洲突起部分之间的地段）Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual.（有两件事使得大西洋相当地与众不同） For so large an ocean it has very few islands.（对于如此大的海洋，它却几乎没有什么岛屿） 3.so和such表示如此时后面跟的句子结构不同，通常，so+形容词+ (a/an) + 名词（如果名词是可数名词单数，相应冠词a/an直接加在名

39、词前；如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词的复数，则不需要冠词）such+ (a/an) +形容词+名词（如果名词是可数名词单数，冠词a/an加在形容词的前面），这种结构同样是根据名词来定。For example：我从来没有见到过这么漂亮的花园。用so造句：I have never seen so beautiful a garden. 用such造句：I have never seen such a beautiful garden.Also, it is the worlds saltiest ocean. (而且大西洋还是世界上最咸的海洋。)There is so much water in

40、the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is.(大西洋中有那么多水，以至于我们很难想象究竟有多少)so that表示 以至于But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. （假设不再有雨水落入大西洋，也不再有河水流入大西洋，那么也要花上大约四千年的时间才能让大西洋干涸。）it takes (sb /

41、sth) some time to do. For example：我花了四年时间来完成我的大学学业。It took me four years to finish my college life.On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper.（大西洋平均水深约两英里多，有的地方更深一点。） a little more表示多一点in places复数，表示有些地方The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico

42、. This deep measures 30,246 feet-almost six miles (9.6 km).（最深的地方在波多黎各岛附近，达三万零二百四十六英尺深，约六英里（9.6公里）One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic.（世界上最长的山脉之一就是从大西洋洋底升起来的） This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean. （它从南到北贯穿了整个大西洋的中部）The

43、 tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands.（有几座山的山顶升到了海平面以上，形成了岛屿）The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.（亚速尔群岛是大西洋中部山脉中的一些山尖伸到海平面以上而形成的）Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. （从佛罗里达往东几百英里的大西洋海域被称为马尾藻海）Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.（这