托福阅读综述（完整版）.docx

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1、托福阅读综述第一章 阅读试题结构表阅读部分题型题型举例题目数量答题时间基础理解题词汇题：单项选择题（四选一）。3阅读和答题共20分钟 指代关系题：单项选择题（四选一）。1句子简化题：单项选择题（四选一）。1插话题：单项选择题（四选一）。1事实信息题：单项选择题（四选一）。3否定事实信息题：单项选择题（四选一）。1推论题：单项选择题（四选一）。1修辞目的题：单项选择题（四选一）。1篇章应用题文章小结题：多项选择题（六选三）1图表题：多项选择题（七选五）。0一、基础理解题（Basic Comprehension Questions）基础理解题重点考查读者对文章基本信息的理解，特别是考查读者根据文章

2、的词汇、句法和语义内容，理解把握重要信息的能力。在新托福阅读的八类基础理解题中，只有插话题和修辞目的题是改革后的新题型，而其他六类题型是现行托福中使用的传统题型。八个题型的具体分析如下。1. 词汇题（Vocabulary Items）考查考生根据上下文理解某个词或词组的能力，以及为文章中使用的词或词组找出同义词的能力。这种题型虽是个旧题型，且难度不大，但在新托福阅读中所占比例相对较大，故考生对此类题不能掉以轻心。其常见题干一般为The wordin the passage is closest in meaning to。2. 指代关系题（Reference Items）考查考生认定代词与篇章

3、中其他词语的指代关系的能力。其题干一般为The wordin the passage refers to。这类题需要考生掌握指代前项的技巧（anaphoric devices）并具有把握先行词（antecedents）和后置词（postcedents）关系的能力。3. 句子简化题（Sentence Simplification Items）考查考生识别文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，并不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。其题干一般为：Which of the following below best expresses the essential informati

4、on in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.4. 插话题（Insert Text Items）考查考生将特定的一句话插入文章顺序相连的四个句子之间某个位置的能力。这个题型考察应试者的篇章综合能力，是国内考试常见的Cloze Test的进一步发展，但却是技高一筹。要做好此类题，考生必须深入理解各个句子间的词汇、语法和逻辑联系。5. 事实信息题（Factual Infor

5、mation Items）考查考生抓住文章中阐明的信息，并排除干扰回答问题的能力。考生的任务是根据文章中的具体事实信息回答问题。此题型虽然有难度，数量也较大，但属于老题型。6. 否定事实信息题（Negative Factual Information Items）考查考生根据文章中阐明的信息，进行判断的能力：什么信息是正确的，什么信息是错误的或文章中没有提到的。考生的任务是在文章中找到相关信息，从而证实四个选项中有三个是正确的。7. 推论题（Inference Items）文章中有些论点或观点没有明确阐述，但却明显暗示出来了。例如，给出了结果，推论题就可能问造成结果的起因。如果文中有比较，推论

6、题就可能问做比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。8. 修辞目的题（Rhetorical Purpose Items）考查考生透过表面特定的修辞方法或方式发掘作者潜在目的的能力。要求考生能通过文章外在的表达方式的特征发现作者背后的意图和目的。二、篇章应用题（Reading to Learn Questions）篇章应用题可以分为篇章总结题和图表题两种。1. 篇章总结题（Prose Summary items）考查考生理解全篇中心思想和相关重要信息的能力。考生通过区分主要和次要观点、以及文章没有提及的观点达到总结全篇的目的。实际上，这一题型要求通过

7、对主题句的选择和重组，形成一个完整的全篇总结。在篇章层面上对全文的综合理解和掌握，以及瞬间的归纳总结能力是考查的重点。欲提高此题的命中率，应在平时下功夫，如经常锻炼自己在完成某篇章的阅读后，迅速写出总结的能力。2. 图表题 (Fill in Table items)考查考生从文章中归纳和组织主要的但比较分散的观点和其他相关重要信息的能力。用于图表题的篇章都是多焦点的，包括多个视角或者观点。这种题型是听力部分填表题在阅读部分的深化和发展。它同样是考查考生对分散信息进行简单归类和整理的能力。掌握听力填表题的考生应当能较好应对这一题型。第二章 摒弃不良的阅读习惯1. 逐字阅读2. 回读3. 指读4.

8、 出声阅读5. 晃头读6. 心读第三章 掌握有效的阅读方法常用的阅读方法包括：略读（Skimming）、寻读（Scanning）和研读（Study Reading）。略读和寻读都是快速阅读的方法，是选择性阅读，不要求读者把阅读材料中的所有单词都读到，而是要求读者尽可能快速地移动眼睛去有目的地寻找相关信息。研读是学习型阅读，可以帮助读者获得具体的信息。一）、略读（skipping）目的不是为了准确了解文章的具体内容，而是要了解文章的主要内容和大意。在阅读文章时应有意识地略读文章中的标题和附标题、首尾两段、小标题、每段首尾句、各段关键词等。1标题判断法2首尾段落略读法3跳跃式略读法4首尾句略读法二

9、）、寻读 （Sanning）四种扫描方法1) 之字型扫描法2) 中部扫描法3）M扫描法4）W扫描法三）、研读对文章有深刻透彻的理解，获得更多的具体信息，需要使用研读技能。研读会涉及到如下技巧：确定文章的中心思想。理解支持主题的次要信息。根据作者意图和中心思想进行正确的推论。确定文章每个段落的中心思想。根据上下文推测词义。这些技巧能用来解答新托福阅读中的主旨题、事实信息题、推论题、句义题、词汇题和指代题等。第四章 生词猜测技能第一节 通过上下文线索猜测词义一、 定义判断词义法某些难词、偏僻词不易被读者理解，作者常会直接给出解释或通过定义对该词直接进行解释。定义的方式有：利用同位语等直接给出定义；

10、使用定语从句加以阐明；用该生词的同义词来复述该词。（一）直接解释判断词义法At the age of seventy-seven, Mr. George was still playing a skillful game of tennis. He jogged four miles each day and seldom missed his daily swim. For a man of his age he was extremely robust.My unscrupulous uncle tried to sell as an antique a rocking chair he

11、bought just last year.（二）直接定义判断词义法这是最简单的一种上下文线索。1最常见的线索是在定义前有动词is, is called, means等。Anthropology is the study of human development and culture.Shortening a word (like bod for body) is called clipping. Empathy means feeling with anther person as if you were that person. 2同位语Hypochondria, excessive w

12、orry over ones health, afflicts many Americans over forty. Writers often use humor when they want to satirize, or pose fun at, certain kinds of people or behavior.3. 利用提示线索有的句子在解释单词时，使用一些表示同位关系的提示线索。一是使用表示同位关系的词语做提示，如that is, is defined as, namely, in other words, i.e.等，例如：The period of adolescence,

13、 i.e. the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.In the skeletal system, a foreman, that is, an opening through a bone, serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves or

14、 ligaments. 二是利用标点符号，多用破折号、括号、冒号等来提示这些标点符号后的部分是对其前内容的进一步解释或说明。Deaccessionor selling offworks of art has been of new importance because of the museums space problems. Aristotle said that rhetoric (argumentation) involves using all the available means of persuasion, and he defined the means of persuas

15、ion as ethos (personal credibility), logos (logical organization and reasoning) and pathos (emotional appeal). Matter generally exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.4. 定语从句The type of meter is called multimeter, which is used to measure electricity. The officious clerk is a person who inter

16、fered in things that were not his concern and often annoyed his co-workers. 二、捕捉同义词或同义关系有的作者在行文中使用了一个较为专业或生僻的词后，会在往后的叙述中使用该词的一个同义词或具有与该词有同一关系的语言表达来加深这个词在文章中的意义。1) For thousands of years men have looked up at “falling stars” and wandered what they were and where they came from. Today we know that the

17、y arent “stars” at all, we call them meteors.2) Bobs voice was tremulous when he told them this, and trembled more when he said that Tiny was growing strong and healthy.三、捕捉反义词或反义关系反义词或反义关系会给读者提供对比线索，指出要猜测的单词不会是这个反义词的含义。常见的转折提示词包括：SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONTRASTalthoughButdespiteeven thoughHoweverin contr

18、astin spite ofInsteadneverthelessnoton the contrary on the other hand ratherThoughunlikewhereasWhileyet例如：During the concert the audience was quiet, but afterward the crowd became boisterous. （boisterous的反义词出现在but前，为quiet，故该词的意思是“喧闹的”。）Although the cottage appeared derelict, we discovered that a fam

19、ily lived there on weekends. （discovered that a family lived there与 derelict构成反义关系，故该词的意思是“遗弃的”。）Al was always talkative, whereas Ed remained taciturn. （句子里出现的taciturn的反义词在whereas前，为talkative，故该词的意思是“沉默寡言的”。）A good reader reads actively, not passively. （not表明passively与actively呈反义关系，故passively意为“消极的”

20、。）四、因果关系判断词义法可以根据因果关系来推测某个生词的含义。例如：You will scald your hand if you put it into that boiling water.After the accident, the ship went down so fast that we were not able to salvage any of our personal belongings. 有的句子里还会出现一些表示因果关系的提示词来表明因果关系。常见的因果关系提示词列于下表中：SIGNAL WORDS FOR CAUSE AND EFFECTAccordinglya

21、sas a resultBecausebecause ofconsequentlydue toforfor this reasonHencein order tonow thatowing toseeing thatsincethanks tothereforethus例如：He is quite callow and, therefore, easily deceived. 不谙世事，没有经验Mary felt a great apprehension as she saw two men walking towards her, gun in hand. 惊恐五、举例判断词义法根据作者提供

22、的列举物或比较物之间的共性，可以推知生词的含义。用于比较举例的提示词见下表：SIGNAL WORDS FOR EXAMPLESalsoas an exampleas an illustrationas followsfor examplefor instancefor one thingin other wordsincludinglikesuch asto illustrate例如：A creed may be a system of religious beliefs, such as Buddhism, or a set of principles or opinions on any

23、subject, such as a businessmans creed. Diane experienced many traumas during early childhood, including injury in an auto accident, the death of her grandmother, and the divorce of her parents. (a shocking or psychologically damaging experience)六、类比判断词义法通过对上下文中语言材料的类比也能给判断词义提供线索。常用的表示类比的提示词如下：SIGNAL

24、 WORDS FOR COMPARISONAlikealmost the same asas Bothcorrespond tocorrespondinglyIn like mannerin the same wayjust asLikelikewiseto havein common例如：A realtor has a fiduciary relationship with his clients, just as a doctor has with his patients.We expect the same veracity as if you were speaking under

25、oath. The task was more odious than taking out the garbage. 七、递进关系判断词义法有时生词所在的句子中会出现表示递进关系的词，这些提示词可以用读者熟悉的词来理解该生词。递进关系常会用递进关系提示词表示，如下表：SIGNAL WORDS FOR EXTENSIONalsobesideseven furthermoreindeedin additionin factmoreover,not onlysoso/suchthatwhat is more例如：The price was high, even exorbitant.Her app

26、earance was attractiveindeed, quite fetching.八、常识判断词义法有些生词可以根据它们出现在文中的情景去理解，也可以结合我们自己的常识经验来判断。如果读到自己专业知识相近的文章，生词则更容易化解了。 The man walked briskly to keep warm on the very cold night. Scrooge was such a skinflint that he wouldnt give any of his employees a Christmas gift or even the day off from work.

27、Sharks, whales and dolphins are classified as marine animals. 九、代入法代入法主要用于阅读考试的选择题。考生在不知道所考词语含义的情况下，或举棋不定无法确定正确答案时，可分别将四个选项分别替换所考词语，然后看替换后的句义和语法结构是否成立，若成立的选项就是正确答案。例如：The predominant activities in rural societies are those that involve the production of food and raw materials. predictable necessary

28、principal routine十、排除法排除法也是阅读考试选择题的解答方法之一。如果考生认识所考词，但选项中四个词均不认识，就可使用排除法。排除一词，命中率为25；排除两词，命中率为50；若能排除三词，剩下的一个词自然就是正确答案，命中率为100。例如： Fortified medieval towns were often surrounded by two water moats. protected encircled flooded supplied第二节 利用词缀法猜测词义词根、前缀和后缀称为“扩大词汇的三把钥匙”，词缀的作用与副词相仿，可以表示方式、态度、程度、时间、地点、否定

29、等概念。与“方式”相关的前缀：PREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEbene-; beni-well, goodbenevolent; benignco-with, togetherco-chairman; cooperatedys-baddysfunction; dyslogisticeu-goodeuphoria; eugenic mal-bad, ill, wrongmaltreat; malnutritionmis-wrongmisunderstanding; misleadpseudo-falsepseudoscience; pseudonym与“态度”相关的前缀：PREFIXME

30、ANINGEXAMPLEanti-against, oppositeantiwar; antisocialcounter-against, oppositecounteract; counterattackpro-for, forwardpro-American; pro-Communist re-against, oppositereact; resist与“程度”相关的前缀：PREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEover-excess, too muchoverestimate; overchargeSuper-superior, oversuperman; supermarketUnd

31、er-not enoughunderripe; underestimate与“时间”相关的前缀：PREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEante-beforeantedate; antecedeepi-after, aboveepilogue; epicenter ex-formerex-president; ex-servicemanpost-afterpostgraduate; post-warpre-beforeprenatal; pre-warpro-beforeprogeny; prologuere-again, backreactivate; reviewRetro-backwar

32、dretrogress; retrospect与“地点、方向”相关的前缀：PREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEab-; a-away fromabduction; amoralad-; ac-; af-; ag-; an-; as to, towardadmit; accept; affirm; aggressive; annotate; aspireby-nearbystander; bywaycircum-aroundcircumstance; circumnavigatecom-; con-; col-; cor-together, withcompress; contemporar

33、yde-downdescend; decreasedia-throughdiagonal; diachronicem-; en-inempanel; envelopeepi-uponepidermis; epiphyteex-; e-; es-outexport; eject; escapeextra-outsideextraterrestrial; extracurricular im-intoimmerse; immerge inter-; enter-between, amonginterview; entertainment intra-withinintrastate; intram

34、arginalintro-insideintrospection; introgress mid-middlemidcourse; mid-autumn off-fromoffspring; offset over-aboveovercharge; overfallpara-besideparalegal; paralogismper-through; thoroughlypervade; perceiveperi-all aroundperiphery; pericardiacpro-forwardprojection; progresssub-belowsubway; subconscio

35、usSuper-abovesuperimpose.; superstructuresyn-; sym-togethersyndrome; sympathytele-fartelegraph; telecommunicationtrans-acrosstranscend; transportationUnder-belowunderwear; undercharge 与“否定”相关的前缀：PREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEa-; an-not, withoutatheist; anonymousanti-against, oppositeantiwar; antisocialcounter

36、-; contra-against, oppositecounterpart; contradictiondis-not, oppositedisconnect; disagreein-; im-; il-; ir-notinactive; impossible; illegal; irresponsiblemis-wrongmisnomer; misspellingnon-notnonessential; non-alcoholicun-notunimportant; unavailable与“数字、大小”相关的前缀：PREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEbi-twobilingual;

37、binocularscent-, hect-hundredcentennial; hectaredec-, deci-tendecade; decimeter Demi-halfdemitasse; demigodExtra-excessiveextravagant; extracurricular Hemi-halfhemisphere; hemicycle hyper-too muchhyperactive; hyperacid Hypo-too littlehypoglycemic; hypoacidkilo-tenskilogram; kilometermacro-largemacro

38、economics; macrobiotics magni-, magn-greatmagnitude; magnateMega-large, one millionmegadose; megahertzmicro-smallmicroscope; microwaveMilli-thousandthsmilligram; millisecond mono-onemonopoly; monoplanemulti-manymultiangular; multiplymyria-ten thousandmyriameter; myriadolig-fewoligarchy; oligarchy Om

39、ni-allomnipresent; omnform pan-allPan-American; panoramapoly-manypolygon; polyacid Semi-halfsemicircle; semiarid sol-alonesolitude; solitarytri-threetriangle; trilingualunder-less thanunderweight; undercharge uni-onemonopoly; monologue 英语常用前缀表PREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEa-, an-not, withoutapolitical; anharm

40、onica-in the state of asleepab-away fromabnormalad-to, at, foradhereante-before, in frontantebellumanti-against, oppositeantiwararch-first, chiefarchbishopauto-self-automaticbe-all around; treat asbesmear; befriend; bewailbene-; beni-well, goodbenefit; benignantbi-twobilingual; binocularscenti-centc

41、entimetercircum-aroundcircumventco-, con-, col-, cor-, com-with, togetherco-worker; concentrate; collect; correlation; compile contra-, counter-against, oppositecontradict; counteract de-not, away, fromdeportdis-apart, away, notdisagreee-out, awayexhaleen-put into, make intoendanger, empanel; enlarg

42、eequi-equalequidistantex-formerex-wifeex-, extra-outside, out ofextracurriculumhetero-other, differentheterosexualhomo-samehomonymhyper-over, excessivehyperactivehypo-underhypodermicin-; im-into, in, oninnermost; immigrantin-, im-, il-, ir-notincomplete; impossible; illegal; irregularinter-betweenin

43、terpersonalintra-, intro-within, into, ininternational; introductionmagn-greatmagnitude; magnatemal-bad, ill, wrongmalformedmicro-smallmicroscopeMis-wrongmisunderstandingmono-onemonopoly; monoplanemulti-manymultiangularnon-not-nonfictionortho-right, straightorthographyperi-aroundperipheralpoly-manyp

44、olygonpost-afterpostgraduatePre-beforepremaritalPro-forwardprojection; progresspseudo-falsepseudonymre-back, againrewriteretro-backwardretrospectse-apartsecedesemi-halfsemicirclesub-undersubmarinesuper-above, above averagesuperchargesyn-, syl-, sym-, sys-togethersynchronize; syllepsis; symbiosis; systemTele-distant, fartelescopetrans-across, overtranscontinentaltri-threetriangle; trilingualultra-, outr-beyond, excessiveultraconservative; outrageousun-notunimportant uni-one