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1、 Java 2 Micro Edition and the World of Java1 、Introduction The computer revolution of the 1970s increased the demand for sophisticated computer software to take advantage of the ever-increasing capacity of computers to process data. The C programming language became the linchpin that enabled program

2、mers to build software that was just as robust as the computer it ran on.As the 1980s approached, programmers were witnessing another spurt in the evolution of programming language. Computer technology advanced beyond the capabilities of the C programming language. The problem wasnt new. It occurred

3、 previously and caused the demise of generations of programming languages. The problem was that programs were becoming too complicated to design, write, and manage to keep up with the capabilities of computers. It was around this time that a design concept based on Simula 67 and Smalltalk (from the

4、late 1960s) moved programming to the next evolutionary step. This was the period when object-oriented programming (OOP), and with it a new programming language called C+, took programmers by storm.2、 Enter JavaJust as C+ was becoming the language of choice for building industrial-strength applicatio

5、ns, another growth spurt in the evolution of programming language was budding, fertilized by the latest disruptive technologythe World Wide Web. The Internet had been a well-kept secret for decades before the National Science Foundation (who oversaw the Internet) removed barriers that prevented comm

6、ercialization. Until 1991 when it was opened to commerce, the Internet was the almost exclusive domain of government agencies and the academic community. Once the barrier to commercialization was lifted, the World Wide Webone of several services offered on the Internet became a virtual community cen

7、ter where visitors could get free information about practically anything and browse through thousands of virtual stores.The success of the Internet gave renewed focus to developing a machine-independent programming language. And the same year the Internet was commercialized, five technologists at Su

8、n Microsystems set out to do just that. James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, ChrisWarth, Ed Frank, and Mike Sheridan spent 18 months developing the programming language they called Oak, which was renamed Java when this new language made its debut in 1995. Java went through numerous iterations between 19

9、91 and 1995, during which time many other technologists at Sun made substantial contributions to the language. These included Bill Joy, Arthur van Hoff, Jonathan Payne, Frank Yelin, and Tim Lindholm. Although Java is closely associated with the Internet, it was developed as a language for programmin

10、g software that could be embedded into electronic devices regardless of the type of CPU used by the device. This is known as the Embedded Java platform and is in continuous use today for closed systems.The Java team from Sun succeeded in creating a portable programming language, something that had e

11、luded programmers since computers were first programmed. Their success, however, was far beyond their wildest dreams. The same concept used to make Java programs portable to electronic devices also could be used to make Java programs run on computers running Microsoft Windows, UNIX, and Macintosh. T

12、iming was perfect. The Internet/intranet had whetted corporate Americas appetite for cost-effective, portable programs that could replace mission-critical applications within the corporation. And Java had proven itself as a programming language used to successfully develop machine-independent applic

13、ations.3 、Java Virtual MachineWriting Java programs is similar to writing C+ programs in that the programmer writes source code that contains instructions into an editor, or in an integrated development environment, and then the source code is compiled. However, thats where Java and C+ part ways. Th

14、e compiling and linking process of a C+ program results in an executable that can be run on an appropriate machine. In contrast, the Java compiler converts Java source code into bytecode that is executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).Machine-specific instructions are not included in bytecode. In

15、stead, they already reside in the JVM, which is machine specific. This means that the bytecode might contain fewer instructions that need to be translated than a comparable C+ program.Although the Java compiler generates bytecode that must be interpreted by the JVM at run time, the number of instruc

16、tions that need translation are usually minimal and have already been optimized by the Java compiler.4 、Back to the Future: J2MERemember that Java began as a programming language to create programs for embedded systemsmicrocomputers found in consumer and industrial products such as those used to con

17、trol automobiles and appliances. The development team at Sun worked on Java in the early 1990s to address the programming needs of the fledgling embedded computer market, but that effort was sidetracked by more compelling opportunities presented by the Internet.As those opportunities were addressed,

18、 a new breed of portable communications devices opened other opportunities at the turn of the century. Cell phones expanded J 2 M E : The Complete Reference from voice communications devices to voice and text communications devices. Pocket electronic telephone directories evolved into personal digit

19、al assistants. Chipmakers were releasing new products at this time that were designed to transfer computing power from a desktop computer into mobile small computers that controlled gas pumps, cable television boxes, and an assortment of other appliances.5、J2ME and Wireless DevicesWith the dramatic

20、increase and sophistication of mobile communications devices such as cell phones came demand for applications that can run on those devices. Consumers and corporations want to expand mobile communications devices from voice communications to applications traditionally found on laptops and PCs. They

21、want to send and receive email, store and retrieve personal information, perform sophisticated calculations, and play games.Developers, mobile communications device manufacturers, and mobile network providers are anxious to fill this need, but there is a serious hurdle: mobile communications devices

22、 utilize a number of different application platforms and operating systems. Without tweaking the code, an application written for one device cannot run on another device.Mobile communications devices lack a standard application platform and operating system, which has made developing applications fo

23、r mobile communications devices a risky economic venture for developers. The lack of standards is nothing new to computing or to any developing technology.Traditionally, manufacturers of hardware devices try to corner the market and enforce their own proprietary standard as the de facto standard for

24、 the industry. Usually one upstart succeeds, as in the case of Microsoft. Other times, industry leaders form a consortium, such as the Java Community Process Program, to collectively develop a standard.The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) forum became the initial industry group that set out to cr

25、eate standards for wireless technology. Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unwired Planet formed the WAP forum in 1997, and it has since grown to include nearly all mobile device manufacturers, mobile network providers, and developers. The WAP forum created mobile communications device standards referre

26、d to as the WAP standard.The WAP standard is an enhancement of HTML, XML, and TCP/IP. One element of this standard is the Wireless Markup Language specification, which consists of a blend of HTML and XML and is used by developers to create documents that can be displayed by a microbrowser. A microbr

27、owser is a diminutive web browser that operates on a mobile communications device.The WAP standard also includes specifications for a Wireless Telephony Application Interface (WTAI) specification and the WMLScript specification. WTAI is used to create an interface for applications that run on a mobi

28、le communications device. WMLScript is a stripped-down version of JavaScript.6、J2ME applications J2ME applications referred to as a MIDlet can run on practically any mobile communications device that implements a JVM and MIDP. This encourages developers to invest time and money in building applicati

29、ons for mobile communications devices without the risk that the application is device dependent. However, J2ME isnt seen as a replacement for the WAP specification because both are complementary technologies. Developers whose applications are light-client based continue to use WML and WMLScript. Dev

30、elopers turn to J2ME for heavier clients that require sophisticated processing on the mobile communications device. Author: MikeJamesJ2ME和Java领域1介绍20世纪70年代以来，随着计算机革命的开始，以及对计算机先进软件需求的大大增加，采取利用电脑日益增加的功能来处理数据。C编程语言逐渐成为支柱，使程序员开发软件可以像计算机运行一样流畅。80年代以来，程序员又目睹了编程语言领域的又一次变革的高潮。C语言的编程能力已经不能满足计算机的技术发展的需要。这问题并不

31、是新问题。它造成了一代又一代的编程语言的新老更替。问题是，它使得程序设计过于复杂，从而使计算机软件的设计，编写和开发落后于硬件的发展。就是这个时候，两种基于设计概念的编程语言Simula 67和Smalltalk（从上世纪60年代末）带来了接近编程语言未来前景的循序渐进的步骤。这期间，当面向对象编程（OOP），并与它称为一种新的编程语言C+在程序员中掀起了一场风暴。2走进JAVA正当C+作为企业开发所选择的语言时，由于最新的突破性技术-万维网的出现，另一种编程语言正在萌芽，并逐渐成熟。几十年来互联网对普通人来说还是个秘密，直到前美国国家科学基金会（监督互联网的机构）拆除了防止互联网商业化的壁垒

32、。1991年当它向商贸开放时，互联网几乎是政府机构和学术团体的专利。一旦商业化的障碍被取消，万维网提供的几个服务，在互联网上成为虚拟社区中心，游客可以得到几乎任何的免费的资讯并浏览数以千计的虚拟商店。 互联网的成功使人们将重点放在发展独立于机器的编程语言上。和同年在互联网上被商品化，科技工作者SunMicrosystems詹姆斯戈斯林，帕特里克诺顿， chriswarth ，和麦克谢里登花了18个月发展规划，并在1995年向公众发布，他们所谓的Oak，后来改名为Java。Java 在1991年和1995年期间经历了无数次的变革。那个时候，在Sun公司的许多其他科技人员对该语言的发展做出了重大贡

33、献。Joy，阿瑟范霍夫，乔纳森佩恩，Yelin， 添佩尔都分享了成功的喜悦。 虽然Java是和互联网密切相关，但开始是为了开发一种可以嵌入到电子器件中去的软件的编程语言，而无论所用装置的CPU类型。这也是众所周知的所谓embedded java平台。Java团队从Sun成功地建立了一种可移植性的编程语言，电脑程序员进行了首次编程，一些已经实现。他们的成功远远超出了他们的梦想。同样可以使Java程序进行在各种可移植的电子装置上，也可以使Java程序在安装了Microsoft Windows ，UNIX和Macintosh的计算机上运行。这个时机很完美。因特网/内部网已使美国企业为符合公司成本效益

34、，而开发应用于公司的可移植程序的兴趣。Java已被证明可以作为一种成功开发与机器无关的应用程序的编程语言。 3Java虚拟机写Java程序和写C+程序是相似的，这程序员可以编写：含指示的源代码，成为一个编辑器，或在一个综合发展环境中对源代码进行编译。不过，这也就是Java和C+一部分的方式。该编译和链接的过程中一个C+程序的结果可以运行在一个适当的可执行的机器上。与此相反，Java编译器则将Java 源代码转换成字节，即由Java虚拟机（JVM）执行 。机器的具体指示，则不会包括在字节中。相反，他们已经包括在JVM的，这是属于具体机器的。这意味着该字节可能包含的C+程序要翻译的指令要少。4未来

35、的世界：J2ME请记住，Java是在消费和工业产品中作为一种编程语言创建程序嵌入式系统微机发现的开始，如那些用来控制汽车和家用电器的微机。在20世纪90年代初，开发团队在Sun的工作利用Java以解决幼稚的嵌入式电脑市场的编程的需要，但这种努力是更侧重于来自互联网的吸引力的机会。在世纪交替之年由于这些机会已得到解决，一种新的便携式通信带来了其他设备的机会。从语音通信设备的语音到文本通信设备。而便携式电子电话簿演变成个人数码助理。在这时候，芯片制造商所推出的新产品，其目的是为了从桌上型电脑转移计算能力到移动的小型电脑控制的燃气水泵，电缆电视盒，和其他组合的其他电器。5J2ME和无线设备随着手机等

36、无线设备的大量出现和功能的逐渐完善，对运行在这样的设备上的软件的要求量也越来越大。消费者和企业都要扩大移动通信设备的功能，使其从传统的语音通信过渡到类似于笔记本电脑和个人电脑的功能，使他们可以传送和接收电子邮件，存储和检索的个人资料，执行精密的计算，和玩游戏。 开发商，移动通信设备制造商，和移动网络供应商现正急欲填补这方面的需求，但有是一个严重的障碍：移动通信设备利用许多不同的应用平台和经营调整代码，为一设备开发的代码将无法运行在另一个设备上。移动通信设备缺乏一个标准的应用平台及作业系统，这使得应用开发移动通信设备，促进经济发展有些冒险。 缺乏标准，就是没有新的计算或任何技术开发。 在传统意义

37、上，硬件设备制造商的尝试产品遍及市场，并执行他们的自己的专有标准作为事实上的业界的标准。许多暴发户成功的情况和微软一样。其他时候，业界领袖则组成一个财团，例如Java Community Process计划，集体制定一种标准。 无线应用协议（WAP）行动网际网路论坛成为初步创建无线技术标准的产业集团。WAP 论坛创造了移动通信设备标准，被称为thewap标准。 thewap标准是一个提高的HTML，XML的，和TCP / IP 的一个组成部分，这个标准是无线标记语言规范而组成的，融合了HTML和XML。wmlscript 是一种剥夺式版本的JavaScript。6J2ME applicatio

38、ns J2ME的应用程序称为MIDlet几乎可以运行在任何实现了JVM和MIDP移动通信设备上。这鼓励开发商投资时间和金钱在建设移动通信设备上，而不需要担心该应用是设备依赖的风险。不过，J2ME是不会被视为更换为WAP的规格，因为两者都是互补的技术。开发商的申请是根据客户要求的基础继续使用wml和wmlscript 。开发商转向J2ME的较重的客户，需要对移动通信设备进行复杂的处理。 作者：迈克詹姆斯五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因

39、我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手。具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高

40、。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。四大工具： 1、Google翻译： google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着

41、查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译： CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们

42、就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）： 4、有道在线翻译：翻译时的速度：这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本英汉科学技术词典，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚

43、明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。 我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，个人总结如下： 1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白（你重视的论文）；懂得其某部分讲了什么（你需要参考的部分论文），在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写论文时再也不会为

44、了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信，你可以试一试 2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索，这个过程是我们对文章再回顾，而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时，将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细，而且中英文对照写的比较详细。 3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了，万事不是说成的，它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样，你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的，一遍不行，可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。呵呵，我想我是这么觉得的。9