毕业论文外文翻译-传统的施工程序.doc

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1、 本科生毕业设计 (论文)外 文 翻 译原 文 标 题Traditional Construction Procedures译 文 标 题传统的施工程序作者所在系别建筑工程作者所在专业土木工程作者所在班级B13412作 者 姓 名 作 者 学 号 指导教师姓名 指导教师职称 完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 翻 译 传统的施工程序 如前所述，传统施工程序下的施工是由承包商进行的。虽然他们希望满足业主和建筑设计师，承包商的主要目标是盈利。因此，他们最初的任务是准备一个投标价格的基础上准确估计建设成本。这需要一个概念的工作和建设进度表的性能发展。合

2、同被授予后，承包商必须提供和支付施工所需的所有材料、设备、电力、劳动和监督。业主补偿承建商的建造成本及服务。 总承包人对建筑物的建设承担全部责任。承包商从事分包商，他们负责施工所需的各种行业的工作。例如，管道承包商安装管道，电气承包商安装电气系统，电梯承包商安装电梯。他们的合同是与总承包商，他们是由总承包商支付。有时，除了总承包商外，业主与工程承包人分别承包，如电气和机械承包商，他们对建筑的工作要求相当大。这种承包商被称为主要承包商。他们的工作是由总承包商安排和协调的，但是他们是由业主直接支付的。 有时，业主可以使用设计建造方法，并奖励合同的组织设计和建设的建设。这样的组织被称为设计建造承包商

3、。这种类型的合同的一个变化是由一个家庭的家庭或低层公寓楼的开发商。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住宅，但设计基本完成之前购买房屋的业主。 施工程序的管理往往是困难的。因此，一些业主寻求专家的帮助，称为专业施工经理，具有丰富的施工经验，谁收取费用。施工经理与总承包商谈判，并帮助选择一个建筑。经理通常也监督分包商的选择。在施工期间，他们帮助控制成本，加快设备和材料的交付，并保持工作进度。在某些情况下，相反，业主可能更喜欢搞施工项目经理，以协助管理设计和施工。 建筑承包商雇用的劳动力，可能会或可能不会加入工会。工会是工会的工匠是由建筑行业组织的成员，如木匠，管道工，电工工会，工会成员会进行工作分配给他们的贸

4、易。 施工期间，应检查所有工作。为此，业主，往往通过建筑师和顾问，聘请督察。现场检查员可置于业主代表的控制之下，该代表可以被称为工程的书记员、建筑师的负责人、工程师的负责人或常驻工程师。检查人员有责任确保施工符合合同文件的要求，并在安全条件下进行。这种检查可以在频繁的间隔。此外，检查还由一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们有责任确保施工符合法律要求，很少或根本不关心与合同文件的详细一致性。这种法律检查是定期或在某些阶段的建设结束。一个经常检查的机构是地方或国家建设部门，无论哪个地区有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家建筑规范。 下面是对多层建筑基本传统施工工序的说明。 将施工合同授予总承包人

5、后，业主可以要求承包人在签订合同前先向承包商发出意向书或签订合同后发出一份书面通知，以便开工。承包商按照政府机构的要求，取得建筑许可证，如当地的建筑、水、下水道和公路部门。 总承包商的计划和时间表的详细施工作业和动员项目设备和人员。分包商的合同授予和发出通知的意向或授予分包合同书，然后给出在适当的时候，进行通知。毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 翻 译施工开始前，总承包商要求进行调查，由相邻的结构和地形，无论是记录和了解当地的条件。然后进行调查，提出建设。 承包商的工地在工地或工地附近竖立。如果为了安全起见可取的，必须从网站上删除被碎片运走。 接下来，网站准备接收大楼。这项工作可能涉及到顶部表面

6、的分级，使其到适当的海拔，挖掘到地下室和基础所需的深度，以及公用事业管道的转移。深基坑开挖，土侧支撑，底部排水。 主要建筑开始于基础的安置，建筑物的基础。其次是承重墙和结构框架的架设。根据建筑物的高度，可以安装梯子、楼梯或电梯，使施工人员最终可以从地板到地面。此外，提升机可以安装提升材料到上层。如果需要，临时地板可能放置人员使用。当建筑物上升时，管道、管道、电气管道和电线都安装好了。然后，永久地板，外墙和窗户构造。在适当的时候，安装永久电梯。如果需要，防火是放置钢框架。其次，固定分区建造和屋顶和它的封面放在地方， 完成操作如下。安装有包括以下内容：天花板；瓷砖；墙板；墙板；管道装置；加热炉；空

7、调设备；房间加热和冷却装置；自动扶梯；地板覆盖物；窗玻璃；活动隔断；门；完成硬件；电气设备和装置，包括照明灯具、开关、变压器、控制；和其他项目的图纸和规格。现场办公室，栅栏，桥梁和其他临时建筑必须从现场拆除。公用事业，如煤气，电力和水，连接到大楼。坐是美化和铺。最后，建筑内部的油漆和清洁。 业主的代表，然后给建筑物最后检查。如果他们发现该结构符合合同文件，业主接受该项目，并给予总承包商签发的最终付款的建筑部的入住证明，这表明完成的建筑物符合建筑规范要求。2. 原文：Traditional Construction ProceduresAs mentioned before, construct

8、ion under the traditional construction procedure is performed by contractors. While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a profit. Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of constructi

9、on costs. This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time schedule. After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for construction. The owner compensates the contract

10、ors for construction costs and services.A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a building. The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for construction. For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plum

11、bing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs elevators. Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general contractor.Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty con

12、tractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a building. Such contractors are called prime contractors. Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the owner.Sometimes also, the

13、owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a building. Such organizations are called design-build contractors. One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartme

14、nt buildings. The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the homes.Administration of the construction procedure often is difficult. Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction

15、 manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a fee. The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the building. Managers usually also supervise selection of subcontractors. During construction, they help control costs, expedite equip

16、ment and material deliveries, and keep the work on schedule. In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and construction.Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be unionized. Unionized craftspeople a

17、re members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their trade.During construction, all work should be inspected. For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consult

18、ants, engages inspectors. The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owners representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architects superintendent, engineers superintendent, or resident engineer. The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the

19、requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe conditions. Such inspections may be made at frequent intervals.In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental agencies. They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal req

20、uirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract documents. Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of construction. One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has jurisdi

21、ction. The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building code.Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory building.After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contra

22、ctor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to proceed. The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local buildin

23、g, water, sewer, and highway departments.The general contractor plans and schedules construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the project. Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appr

24、opriate times, notices to proceed.Before construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local conditions. A survey is then made to lay out construction.Field offices for the contractor are

25、erected on or near the site. If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted away.Next, the site is prepared to receive the building. This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevati

26、ons, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility piping. For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is drained.Major construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building rests. This is followed by the erection of load-b

27、earing walls and structural framing. Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the roof. Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper levels. If needed, temporary fl

28、ooring maybe placed for use of personnel.As the building rises, pipes, ducts, and electric conduit and wiring are installed. Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are constructed. At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are installed. If required, fireproofing is placed for steel

29、framing. Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,Finishing operations follow. There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices fo

30、r rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and specifications. Field offices, fences, bridges, and

31、 other temporary construction must be removed from the site. Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the building. The sit is landscaped and paved. Finally, the building interior is painted and cleaned.The owners representatives then give the building a final inspection. If

32、they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code requirements.五分钟搞定5000

33、字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手。具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理

34、解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。四大工具： 1、Google翻译： google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先

35、你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译： CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它

36、是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）： 4、有道在线翻译：翻译时的速度：这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本

37、英汉科学技术词典，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。 我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，个人总结如下： 1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白（你重视的论文）；懂得其某部分讲了什么（你需要参考的部分论文

38、），在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信，你可以试一试 2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索，这个过程是我们对文章再回顾，而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时，将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细，而且中英文对照写的比较详细。 3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了，万事不是说成的，它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样，你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的，一遍不行，可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。呵呵，我想我是这么觉得的。