毕业论文外文翻译-伦敦2012奥林匹克公园滨水景观设计与营造.doc

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1、Riverfront Landscape Design for London 2012 Olympic Park Client: Olympic Delivery AuthorityLocation: London, UKProject Credit: Atkins Text: Mike McNicholas, Project Director, AtkinsHow do you plant along a rivers edge, knowing that millions of people could be passing through thesite in the near futu

2、re? How do you design, create and maintain the surrounding wetlands, knowing that man-made wet woodland is very rare and transitionalby nature? How do you ensurethat the habitat being created remains viable and sustainable in the long-term? Atkinsengineers of the wetlands and river edges on the Lond

3、on 2012 Olympic Park were tasked with fi nding answers to all of these questions.Covering more than 246 hectares of formerly derelict industrial land, Londons new Olympic Park for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is one of Europes biggest-ever urban greening projects. Rivers and wetlands

4、 are at the heart of the vision for the new park, which lies in east Londons Lower Lee Valley. Th e landscape thats now emerging will provide a backdrop for the main action of theLondon 2012 Games.As river edge and wetland engineers for the project, Atkins has played a critical role in turning the v

5、ision into reality. Atkins remit includes design of the soft river edges and wetlands, including riverbank restoration and bioengineering.The transformation is unprecedented. More than 8km of riverbanks have been restored as part of the project; in tandem with this, 2 hectares of reed beds and ponds

6、 have been created, along with 9,000 square meters of rare wet woodland(Fig.01).The challenge was about getting people both visual and physical access down to the river-to actually make the rivers more accessible and more open, and therefore the centerpiece of the Park.Mike Vaughan heads up Atkins m

7、ultidisciplinary design team, which includes river engineers, geomorphologists and ecologists. “The idea was to open up the river corridor by making the steep slopes that line the river fl att er,” explains Mike. “By dropping the slopes, weve brought the river into the park and made it much more acc

8、essible-people can get close to the river and see whats going on there.”Gett ing the riverbank geometry just right was a delicate balancing act. Too steep, and the banks would need costly artifi cial reinforcement; too shallow, and they would start to eat into valuable space on the site. An optimum

9、slope of 1 in 2.5-about 22 degrees- was chosen. The space occupied by river bank was restricted by the need to convey fl oodwater and the location of terrestrial landscape and infrastructure. As such, the banks were over-steepened using two approaches. Firstly, where possible, the riverbanks were te

10、rraced using coir rolls and timber stakes. In other locations, where only a 70 degree bank was possible, a reinforced detail was used, providing layers of geo-grid and steel mesh cages, faced with a riverside turf.Today, with the new landscape rapidly taking shape, its easy to forget how the Lee Val

11、ley used to look. Until the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) took possession of the site in 2006, many of the river channels that criss-cross the site were clogged with invasive weeds, along with the predictable detritus of urban decay: abandoned shopping trolleys and car tires.Th e Lee Valleys negl

12、ected river network wasnt only an eyesore, but also an obstacle-a gulf separating Hackney and Tower Hamlets in the west from Waltham Forest and Newham in the east.Now, the revitalized waterways-and the new crossings spanning them-will be vital not only during the Games, but also aft er 2012. Th ey a

13、re an integral part of the legacy solution, stitching the new Park and its waterways into the wider fabric of east London.1 Bringing Habitats back to LifeMaking the most of the sites rivers and natural features to create sustainable habitats is a key part of the Olympic Delivery Authoritys vision fo

14、r the Olympic Park. But the process of transforming the parks rivers from weed and rubbish-infested gulches into pristine watercourses has been long and tough.For Atkins, that process started with developing an intimate understanding of the labyrinth of waterways and channels that wind their way thr

15、ough the site. Flows and velocities were measured at diff erent points over a period of time, with data used to construct a detailed hydraulic model to predict flood risk. Thats of critical importance, because Atkins had responsibility for everything up to a contour of 4 meters above ordnance datum

16、(sea level) on the site.A full flood risk assessment was undertaken at environmental impact assessment stage. Atkins undertook analyses of the risk of fl ooding caused by frequent rainfall, taking into account the automated regulation of water levels in the impounded reaches and the impact of tidal

17、lockout. The modeling exercise was made considerably more complicated by the impoundment of the river system during the course of 2008; in effect, this eliminated the direct tidal infl uence of the Th ames. But its indirect infl uence is still felt. “When the tide comes in on the Th ames, it stops w

18、ater fl owing out of the River Lee,” explains Mike Vaughan. “So the river levels fl uctuate by an average of 400mm a day.”Atkins modeling calculations correctly predicted this phenomenon, and also the increased risk of flooding. “These discoveries led to some changes in the landscaping profile,” say

19、s Mike. “The riverside paths have been raised by up to a meter and the profile of the wetlands was also raised, as maintaining correct water levels is critical to their survival.”Sustainable drainage techniques have also been used across the Park. In the landscape areas, porous strips have been used

20、 in the concourse, feeding into bioswales which drain down into the riverside ponds. Surface conveyance, underground pipes and storage features have also been utilized(Fig.02).The first step in the river restoration process was to “lay back” the banks, many of which were precipitously steep. This re

21、-profiling was necessary because much of the surrounding land was “made” ground, the result of centuries of tipping that had raised the ground level by as much as 10 meters in places. The cocktail of materials on the banks included rubble, glass, animal bones and, more recently, wartime demolition m

22、aterials from Londons east end.Another challenge facing the Atkins team was the prevalence of invasive weeds. These included Himalayan balsam, Japanese knotweed and giant hogweed. All are fast-growing non-native plants introduced to Britain in the 19th century as gardencuriosities; all have prospere

23、d on the wrong side of the garden wall.Invasive species are bad news for riverbanks. They reproduce and grow with prodigious speed, driving out native plant species. And theyre highly resilient. Knotweed can force its way through solid concrete, while giant hogweed contains furocoumarins, sun-activa

24、ted toxins that can cause skin ulceration. Elimination was a priority soil was treated throughout the site and the banks stripped of all remaining vegetation.In addition, Atkins was responsible for ensuring the protection of the existing fl ora and fauna on the site. Phase one habitat surveys were u

25、ndertaken as part of the environmental impact assessment in 2006, including bird and fi sh surveys. A major translocation of species was undertaken to suitable receptor sites including a specially-created 1 hectare site just outside the Park. Atkins translocated 330 common lizards, 100 toads and 4,0

26、00 smooth newts. In order to protect the flora on the site, Atkins maintained a permit to clear system for contractors, and specifi ed safeguarded habitat areas that were not to be touched including areas of sycamore trees.2 Choosing Plants to PlantAtkins is responsible for the final look of the riv

27、erbanks and wetlands-and deciding what to re- plant presented a challenge. With banks now bare, new planting would have to fulfi ll not only ecological and aesthetic demands-theyd be expected to be in bloom for the Olympic Games-but engineering imperatives too.The Atkins design team chose bioenginee

28、ring techniques, rather than culverting and hard engineering, for the project. That means protecting and consolidating riverbanks by using vegetation and natural products instead of concrete. Choosing the right species with the right root systems would be critical to protect the banks from erosion.A

29、n added challenge was that the river network is semi-tidal. The twice-daily rise and fall of around 400mm had the potential to play havoc with new planting, and the rivers high sediment loads threatened to smother anything planted from seed or plugs. “We dont actually have a natural river system,” n

30、otes Mike. “Plants dont cop well in those conditions.”To fi nd out which plants would fare best-and to establish the most eff ective planting methods -Atkins conducted a unique riverbank planting trial along a 50-metre stretch of the Lee in the Olympic Park.“We trialled plants of different elevation

31、s and different installation techniques. These were monitored over a year,” says Ian Morrissey, senior environmental scientist with Atkins. “Thats really helped to inform exactly what species we should plant and where.”The trial revealed that plug plants would be just too vulnerable. But plants pre-

32、grown in coir -coconut fibre matting-resisted being washed away or swamped. Coir has other benefi ts too-its easy and quick to install in rolls and pallets two meters long and a meter wide(Fig.03).“Th e mat itself acts like a mulch, so you prevent any weeds growing up through it that might already b

33、e within the bank material. But more importantly, when the banks become inundated, you get fine sediment trapped within the coir. Th at helps to bind the roots and feed the plants,” says Ian.3 Banking on Tomorrows SeedlingsCreating a sustainable riverbank ecosystem means using native species. So bef

34、ore the banks were scraped back, seed was collected from suitable native aquatic species-a process managed by Atkins -and stored in a seed bank. Some of this seed was then used by bioengineering and nursery specialists, Salix, who were appointed by the Olympic Delivery Authority to cultivate plants

35、off site in whats believed to be one of Britains biggest-ever nursery contracts.The offsite growing operation was huge and sowing for the project commenced in June 2009, as plants must be a year old and well established in their coir pallets before encountering the tough riverbank environment.Plants

36、 for the wet woodlands, including sedges, were raised in more than 7,000 pots at Salixs nursery on the Gower peninsula, near Swansea. And in Norfolk, the company created a new 16-acre nursery dedicated to the 2012 project(Fig.04). Here, more than 300,000 plants representing some 28 different species

37、, including sedges, common reed, marsh marigolds and yellow fl ag irises, were grown on more than a thousand coir pallets, ready to be transported to London in the following months.During the summer of 2010, the 18,000 square metres of planting were then pieced together like a giant jigsaw. This was

38、 a massive logistical challenge. To make it easier, each of the pallets and rolls was tagged. It was vitally important that each one went in exactly the right space so as to avoid cutting and trimming the roots and rhizomes of the plants. The team laid them out in blocks, to a plan, to make sure thi

39、s didnt happen.4 Ponds and Wet Woodlands from ScratchWhile the riverbanks of the “Old River Lee” occupied much of the attention of the Atkins team, there were also entirely new bodies of water to consider. A fundamental part of the biodiversity of the river edges in the north of the Park lies in thr

40、ee new triangular ponds, off the east bank. Two of these were designed to dry up in the summer, forming moist grassy hollows. Th e third pond was created to retain water, enabling species such as water lilies and marsh marigold to thrive(Fig.05).Preventing that third pond from drying out -while also

41、 ensuring that it did not fl ood along with the River Lee-was a conundrum. Atkins responded by designing a connection between the pond and the river to act as both overfl ow and feed. Flows could be regulated: when the pond level rose too high, water could be drained back into the river; when it sta

42、rted to dry out, a valve could be opened to release river water back into the pond. It sounds simple, but it is believed to be the fi rst of its kind for a habitat feature of this scale.As well as the improved waterways and riverbanks, new wet woodlands will be a notable feature of the Olympic Park.

43、 Theyre now a rare habitat in the UK, and the ones in the Park are being created from scratch.“It was quite a novel thing to be asked to do,”recalls Atkins Ian Morrissey. “The challenge was to make sure we had the right water levels within the wetwoodland areas. Atkins was responsible for working ou

44、t the topographies and the channels, and how they would interact with the river.”Wetlands have a tendency to become dry land eventually, a process that can be slowed down through selecting the right vegetation, careful water level management and maintenance.“The sedge species we selected were chosen

45、 because they are quite vigorous so are able to compete well with terrestrial species,” says Ian.Tree species for the wet woodland include willow, alder, birch and the now rare black poplar, points out Atkins Mike Vaughan: “Its fantastic for wildlife. You get a lot of invertebrates in there, as well

46、 as nesting birds.”Birds, though, can present a challenge, particularly on the freshly planted riverbanks.“Theres a risk of wildfowl grazing our plants when they get on site,” says Mike. To prevent that happening, hundreds of meters of deterrent fencing were erected around new vegetation. That staye

47、d there until spring 2012(Fig.06).5 Beyond the Finishing LineThe transformation of the lower Lee Valley and the creation of the new park, now nearing completion, is remarkable by any standards. Visitors to the Olympic Park up to 250,000 every day at the peak of the Games will encounter one of the gr

48、eenest and most environmentally friendly parks ever to be created for the Olympics.And the benefits will be felt long after 2012. “Were pulling that really difficult trick of putting in infrastructure thats good for the Games, but will work in legacy,” said the ODAs John Hopkins. “This will be a gre

49、at place to live and work, with rivers and parklands at the heart. Socially, economically and environmentally, there will be a terrifi c legacy-its a new landscape powering a new piece of city.”伦敦2012奥林匹克公园滨水景观设计与营造 业主委托：伦敦奥运交付管理局 项目位置：英国伦敦 项目设计：阿特金斯 撰文：迈克麦克尼古拉斯/阿特金斯项目经理 如果在不久的未来，将有数百万人途经这块滨水区域，沿河该如何种植？如果了解到自然界中人造湿林地已十分罕见，该如何设计、创