电视系统传播在交流中的社会和文化意义-毕业论文外文翻译.docx

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1、毕业论文：外文翻译毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：电视栏目图书出版的现状、问题及对策研究 以郎咸平的财经郎眼为例学 院：人文与传播学院专 业：编辑出版学班 级：编辑1101学 号：1119300107学生姓名：林志刚指导教师：冯洁二一五 年 五 月外文原稿之一TV-Institutional Communication as a Social and CulturalPoint in the Communication (based on German and Kazakh Talk Shows)Author: D.M. Koishigulova, D.A. Karagoishiyeva, A.

2、M. Dosanova, A.K.AbdirkenovaNationality: HollandSource:, printed by Elsevier in Holland on ScienceDirect, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, Vol.114Part of the thesis:TV programs are an important part of daily life of almost everyone. People watch TV to relax or get some new and releva

3、nt information. Comedy and drama TV series are more entertaining, while news and documentaries are of informational character. TV interviews and talk shows may be an intermediate form of these types of television programs, infotainment (Kazakova 2006). Talk shows are an essential part of modern coll

4、oquial culture, they have a social relevance, i.e. they have an impact on society. Methods The basis of our methodological approach is conversional analysis that highlights the organized nature of the conversation and regulatory structures, which the speakers target at. Since the object of our study

5、 are German and Kazakh television talk show, attention is drawn to one subclass of institutional interaction, namely, television-institutional interaction, which has its own characteristics that are not typical for either every day or for other institutional interaction. We are primarily interested

6、in the fact that at the present time, when the contacts with foreign countries are becoming more intense and more frequent, and television is largely forms the presentation of the world, the urgent need for a comprehensive study of linguistics is the linguistic discus within the institution of telev

7、ision, as well as samples of verbal and non-verbal behavior of the German and Kazakh society in a given communicative situation. It should be noted that the German talk show is also being actively studied from the point of view of journalism as the description analysis of the talk show structure as

8、the most popular genre of German television. Kazakhstani talk show appeared on television recently, and for that reason they could not get such popularity and widespread as in Germany. However, the development of the talk show genre on Kazakhstan TV has successfully launched and has a great future.B

9、elow, after the theoretical definitions analyzes will be presented, which were obtained in comparative studies of German and Kazakhstani talk shows. we do not claim how to speak German and Kazakh correctly. We will not pay attention to the spelling mistakes or wrong accents in speech of communicatio

10、n participants. From this point of view, the role of word, uttered on television, is extremely important in terms of the culture of speech in the broadest sense of the term. The fact that the person on the screen does not only report some information, but also performs, if we can express outwardly t

11、eaching function, i.e. he is the image of acquisition of literary speech norms and demonstrates norms of literary language, including pronunciation. Aim and tasks The main objective of this work is the followings. First, it deals with the commonalities of television-institutional communication and c

12、ompares its characteristics with the ordinary and other forms of institutional communication. Secondly, we are talking about conversational analysis of German and Kazakhstani talk shows to identify common traits and characteristics of a specific cultural character. Thirdly, attention is drawn to the

13、 role of the talk participants and definition of verbal and non-verbal categories. Fourth, the article discusses the thematic structure of German and Kazakh talk shows. Peculiarities of cultural nature of Kazakhstan and German talk shows National and cultural peculiarities of behavior that has recei

14、ved increased attention became the object of observation and study of various scientific disciplines like linguistics, psycholinguistics, culturology, sociology, ethnology, cognitive science, intercultural communication, anthropology, etc. for the past two to three decades. This fact is not accident

15、al because such studies can be conducted only on an interdisciplinary level, according to data of different human sciences. Researchers in different fields and areas of expertise of the person came to the conclusion that culture is reflected in peoples minds, shapes their world view, and determines

16、the specific behavior. Communicative behavior of people is part of their national culture, governed by national rules and traditions that have deep historical roots. AnalysisNow let us consider the peculiarities of cultural character of Kazakhstani and German talk-show confessions. All speech acts p

17、roduced by members of Kazakhstani and German talk show during discussing the topics were analyzed by us for the frequency of their expression (for each program). According to the results of our analysis more speech acts aimed at suppressing communication space interlocutor and urge him to certain sp

18、eech acts take place in the argumentation style of German participants. So, for example, linguistic action reproach (11 times in the course of the German discussion, 1 time only in Kazakhstani discussion) encourage the other person to the speech act of excuses, protect oneself or explain, i.e. direc

19、tly pressures on the partys image. Speech act oppose(to opinion, statement of interlocutor) is produced by the German participants 14 times, by Kazakhstani ones only 3 times. According to the classification of Polenz (1985), these speech acts belong to the class directive, i.e. those speech acts tha

20、t express the explicit requirements of the speaker to the listener: when the speaker wants to be an action to be performed by his companion. In the Kazakhstani TV debates speech acts that are aimed at the interlocutors, but do not infringe or violate their communicative space are often produced. Spe

21、ech acts explain (33 times in a Kazakhstani talk show, only 10 times in German talk show), and inform aim at providing the necessary knowledge and information to interlocutors. Speech act ask(29 times in a Kazakhstani talk show, 19 in German talk show) is directed to obtaining the missing informatio

22、n from the communication partners. According to the classification Polenz (1985) inform and explain are cognitive informing speech acts. Thus, the argumentative style of German participants is characterized by its rigidity and aggressiveness in relation to the interlocutors. There are also offensive

23、 language or nonverbal gestures:K. Harprecht (1984, p. 46) notes that the Germans suppress not only the opposition, but also the possibility of its expression in comparing the German style of discussion with the U.S. one. In the German television debate several participants speak at the same time, t

24、hey interrupt each other, as each of them strives to give his opinion on the subject of discussion, not yielding the right of speech to another participant, and in some cases even a presenter: According to the results of the analysis we can conclude that the social distance between the German partic

25、ipants is much narrower than that of Kazakhstan. The above discrepancy in speech acts, in argumentative style of the participants and the social distance present a picture of social relations in the German and Kazakhstani society: the participants are guided by different moral standards and follow c

26、ultural traditions and values established in their community. Statements both of German participants and the public are characterized by non-verbal gestures, commenting on the speech made by the action. Typically, these are torsion finger at ones temple, facial expressions indicating disagreement wi

27、th the panelist, very critical comments. In some cases, the non-verbal gestures are accompanied by the explicit verbal insults at the studio guest. If several participants are on the scene, a person asking a question points at the person the question addressed his index finger. At careful study of t

28、he video materials one can see that the German participants use non-verbal gesture to ask for the speech, and raising the index finger of their right hand (L. Weinrich 1992, p. 124) demonstrates that this gesture has culturally-specific character, as it plays the communicative situation within the i

29、nstitution of school/university. Each member of the German society knows that with the help of the non-verbal gestures in education one can signal the teacher about his eagerness to get the right for speech. In Kazakhstani cultural circle this gesture would correspond to a raised right (rarely left)

30、 hand, but this gesture is not used by Kazakhstani talk show participants. If the position or the response of one of the program participants is perceived negatively by the public, the public reaction is very aggressive in nature and is expressed both verbally and non-verbally. These are individual

31、(offensive) remarks, stamping their feet, hum. It may be also noted that the public enjoys above named aggressive reaction to the participants. Facial expressions and general mood of the public indicate this fact. In this aspect it is necessary to point out the fact that in recent years, members of

32、the German talk show, as well as the audience do not have higher education and adequate level of upbringing. These are the people who can afford offending expressions and gestures, even to the participants of an elderly age. Kazakhstani participants and the audience are mostly students and educated

33、adults. In Kazakhstan the talk shows audience do not actively use non-verbal gestures, except applause or facial expression. Once again we would like to note that the fact that the dialogue is conducted in a TV studio has a huge impact on the natural communication of Kazakhstani participants, audien

34、ce, and in some cases even a presenter. Despite the fact that Kazakhstans talk show confessions, as well as in German, a television dialogue is based on personal experiences and the experiences of the participants in matters of love, which is one of the important features of this type of talk shows,

35、 intimate comments are omitted. The presenters direct question about the details of the sexual life cause great confusion in Kazakhstan program participants, as well as the viewers, while in the German talk show questions such as Zwolf Jahre ohne Partner. Wie oft gehst du dich kalt duschen? Wir sind

36、 erwachsen. Wir haben ein gleiches Alter, deswegen bitte (presenters question Vera am Mittag ) (“Twenty years without a man. How often do you have a cold shower? We are adults. We are the same age, that is why, do not be shy.”) are natural and habitual. Conclusion In conclusion, we note that Kazakhs

37、tan a balance between the international relations and traditional cultural values such as respect for the elderly, preserving clear social hierarchy, respect for other religions and cultural values, avoidance of inter-ethnic conflicts are maintained. Recent studies have shown that the Kazakhs avoid

38、open conflicts, trying to compromise. During studying speech etiquette of Kazakhs, Baydurin (1991) indicates that the Kazakhs do not come into open conflict with someone, as they have the approval of paramount importance in the community, an expression of respect for the other person. In most cases,

39、 the Kazakhs, instead of openly expressing their disapproval when dealing with an opponent, resort to long pauses to reflect a more accurate answer, or try to change the subject. Perhaps because of this cultural feature of dialogue, Kazakhs often use phrases like , ” or “” (what a shame, it is incon

40、venient, what will people say?) in their speech. Ethnic forms of politeness of Kazakhs are deeply rooted, which related to the cultural traditions of the Kazakhs, named “Salt”. That tradition has a great influence on the behavior of people, their mentality and attitude to the social reality. The Kaz

41、akhs are very reserved in the manifestation of personal sensitivity in the implementation of the communicative act, exemplifying the many studies.中文译文之一电视系统传播在交流中的社会和文化意义（以德国和哈萨克斯坦的脱口秀节目为例）作者：D.M. Koishigulova, D.A. Karagoishiyeva, A.M. Dosanova, A.K.Abdirkenova国籍：荷兰出处：电视系统传播在交流中的社会和文化意义（以德国和哈萨克的脱口秀

42、节目为例），荷兰爱思唯尔多媒体出版集团出版，刊登于社会能源与行为科学，2014年第114期中文译文：电视节目已经成为每个人日常生活的重要组成部分。人们看电视来放松或得到一些新的相关资讯。喜剧和戏剧系列更为有趣，而新闻和纪录片则含有更大信息量。电视访谈和脱口秀可能是这些类型的电视节目的中间形式，即信息娱乐（卡扎科娃2006）。脱口秀节目作为现代通俗文化的一个重要组成部分，与社会时事密切关联，并对社会具有一定影响力。方法我们的方法论的基础是转换那些关于强调谈话和管理系统的条理性的分析，这也是谈话者所要达成的目标。由于我们研究的对象是德国和哈萨克斯坦的电视脱口秀，我们需要注意到这些节目的互动的实例，

43、它的全称是电视系统的互动交流。由于它具有自己的特色，总是显得每日多变，令人耳目一新，远非其它类型的互动活动可比。我们感兴趣的是，在目前阶段，当对外交往日趋激烈和频繁，电视很大程度上是形式世界的表象，语言学的研究迫切需要讨论到电视语言，而德国和哈萨克斯塔这种具有特定的交际情景的国家正是适合的电视语言研究对象。应该指出的是，德国的谈话节目也在积极研究以时事新闻业热点作为脱口秀的卖点。最近，哈萨克斯坦的脱口秀节目也频频出现在电视台。虽然脱口秀在哈萨克斯坦的普及和推广远不如在德国。然而，在哈萨克斯坦电视台的脱口秀节目的发展已成功推出，可以展望它将有一个美好的未来。下面，经过了理论的定义将被提出，这是由

44、德国和哈萨克斯坦脱口秀的比较研究获得的。我们不主张如何讲德语和哈萨克语的正确。我们不会注意参与者的拼写或口音方面的错误。电视上的用词，无论在语言文化方面还是在更广泛的意义上来说，都是非常重要的。事实上，屏幕上的人不只是报告中的一些信息，也执行外在的教学功能，也就是说他对文学言语进行了规范采集和论证，包括发音。 目标和任务这项工作的主要目的如下。首先，它阐述了电视系统传播的共性，以及比较了电视系统传播特征与普通或其他形式的系统传播特征的不同点。其次，我们通过讨论德国和哈萨克斯坦脱口秀节目的会话的分析，来确定它们的共同特征以及它们各自独有的文化特性。再次，我们需要留意谈话参与者所遵守的语言规则，以

45、及语言类和非语言类的定义。最后，本文论述了德国和哈萨克斯坦的脱口秀节目的主题结构。哈萨克斯坦和德国的脱口秀节目的文化特性从过去二三十年起，具有民族和文化特点的行为，已经受到越来越多的关注，成为各种科学学科的研究对象，诸如语言学、心理语言学、文化学、社会学、民族学、认知科学、人类学、跨文化交流学等。这一现象并非偶然，因为根据不同的人体科学数据，这样的研究只能在一个跨学科的水平上进行。在人的不同方面和领域的进行专业研究的人员得出的结论是，文化在人们头脑中的反映出来，塑造着他们的世界观，并确定他们的具体行为。人们的交际行为，是民族文化的一部分，被具有深刻历史渊源的国家和民族的制度和传统所支配分析现在

46、我们来思考关于哈萨克斯坦和德国脱口秀节目的文化特性。所有在讨论主题时由哈萨克斯坦和德国脱口秀节目产生的言语行为，我们都将对其发生的频率（每个项目）加以分析。根据我们的分析结果，脱口秀节目中多数的言语行为旨在压制交流空间中的其它谈话参与者。对于在德国的谈话参与者来说，这种方式促使他认真聆听争论中的某些明确的论调。例如，语言行为中的“责备”（在德国的讨论中发生了11次，而在哈萨克斯坦讨论中的则只有1次）其实是一种敦促他人参与到自己演说行为的“借口”、“自我保护”和“解释”等，直接给该场谈话增加了压力。言语行为的“反对”（对话者陈述自己的意见），德国的谈话参与者执行了14次，而哈萨克斯坦的只有3次。

47、根据波伦茨的分类（1985），这些言语行为属于类的“指令”，即“言语行为表达说话人的明确要求，听众被要求执行他指定的动作。而在哈萨克斯坦，电视上的“辩论”言语行为虽然针对对话者，但往往并不侵犯或压制对话者的的交际空间。言语行为的“解释”（33次发生在哈萨克斯坦的脱口秀，只有10次在德国的脱口秀）和“通知”旨在为对话者提供必要的知识和信息。言语行为的“问”（29次在哈萨克斯坦的脱口秀，19次在德国的脱口秀）只是为了从交流的伙伴那里获得丢失的信息。根据以上分类，波兰斯（1985）认为“通知”和“解释”是“认知告知言语行为”。因此，德国的谈话参与者因其对待其他对话者的强硬和具有侵略性的态度，被烙上了

48、争强好辩的印记。当然他们也具有其他无礼冒犯的语言或相关手势动作。K.哈皮雪（1984，p. 46）研究指出，和美国的谈话参与者相比，在讨论中，德国的谈话参与者不仅仅压制其别人的反对意见，甚至连别人表达的机会也想要剥夺。在德国的电视辩论节目上，总是有若干个人同时开口说话。他们互相打断对方，似乎每个人都想通过争吵来自推动自己的观点，并不因为节目的规则而给其他参与者表达的机会。甚至某些情况下，就连主持人也会有上述行为。根据分析结果，我们可以得出这样的结论：德国的谈话参与者之间的社会距离比哈萨克斯坦的要近得多。上述言语行为上的差异，谈话参与者的这种争强好辩的风格和社会距离呈现出了德国和哈萨克斯坦的社会关系：参与者被不同的道德标准指导，遵循着在他们各自的生活圈子里建立起来的文化传统和价值观。德国的电视谈话参与者和公众都非常喜欢在各种谈话场合使用非语言的手势进行表达