汉英对比与翻译讲义.doc

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1、汉英对比与翻译CHINESE-ENGLISH COMPARISON AND TRANSLATION 目 录（一） 英汉对比3（二） 谴词用字5（三） 增词减词7（四） 标识翻译10（五） 词性转换11（六） 正反褒贬13（七） 直译意译16（八） 被动主动18（九） 定语从句20（十） 成语翻译23（十一） 主语翻译26（十二）简历翻译29（十三） 长句翻译（英汉）31（十四） 长句翻译（汉英）32（十五） 补充练习（汉英）33（十六） 补充练习（英汉）35（一） 英汉对比一、英汉差异（1）字词层面（2）句子层面 （3）文化层面 But sometimes players have to re

2、alize that this is kind of a dog- eat-dog league.（NBA）二、形合VS意合例1.Mr. Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed.译文： 例2.The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet. 译文： 例3.他不来，我不去？ 译文： 例4.他不老实，我不信任他。 译文： 例5.人有脸，树有皮。 译文：例6.亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 译文：译家之言F

3、or Chinese and English, perhaps one of the most important linguistic distinctions is the contrast between the hypotaxis and parataxis. （Eugene Nida）（1）形合：语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关系。英语注重形式（形合），因此句子之间大量使用各种关系词（when, which, whose, why, where, how, what）和连接词（and, but, or, as well as, sothat,

4、unless, not onlybut also）等等。英语重行合：准确、具体、写实、逻辑性强（2）意合：句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍。汉语注重意合，不大喜欢用没有实际意义的虚词，只是把事情和意思连接起来，词句之间的关系在不言之中。汉语重意合：模糊、含蓄、写意，关系微妙，只可意会不可传。中国的文化是向模糊、朦胧及总体的方向走，而西方的文化是向准确而具体的方向走。（杨振宁）例7.远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在，人来鸟不惊。译文：_ look afar, the mountains are green and clear, _ no so

5、und of stream is heard _you listen near. The flowers remain in full bloom _ springs away, A human being approaches, _ the bird doesnt fray.三英汉互译 英译汉：对于英语中的连词和关系词要融合到汉语句子中，变显性为隐性。例8：1. While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.译文： 例9.If you confer a benefit，never remember it；if yo

6、u receive one，remember it always.译文： 例10：What matters if we have to face some difficulties? Let them blockade（封锁） us! Let them blockade us for eight or ten years! By that time all Chinas problems will have been solved.译文： 例11： We should have more of the three kinds of foreign-invested ventures. Ther

7、e is no reason to be afraid of them. So long as we keep level-headed, there is no cause for alarm.译文：汉译英：对于句子间的逻辑关系，采取由隐形变显形的策略，要用适当的连接词或关系词将汉语所隐含的逻辑关系明示出来。（竹竿葡萄）例12.天太冷，河水都结冰了。译文： 例13.人不犯我，我不犯人。 译文： 例14.有位英国人，他六十岁，既不会说中文，也不了解中国，有一次来到中国旅游五小试身手1. A few of the pictures are worth mentioning both for th

8、eir technical excellence and interesting content.2. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.3. 跑得了和尚跑不了庙。4. 我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他帮

9、忙照看行李。六翻译练习（20ms） The automobile has brought many changes in American life-for example, the remarkable growth of the suburbs in the past 25 years as many people who work in the cities now enjoy country living because of good roads and the ease of commuting by automobile. Heavy use of the nations hig

10、hways has created a demand for roadside businesses of various kinds, including outdoor movie theaters, where audiences watch films from their automobiles and convenient roadside hotels known as “motels”. Motels are usually located on main roads near cities and at seaside and other resort areas. They

11、 are made up of a series of bedroom-and-bath units and nearby parking spaces. Many of its units are equipped with television and air-conditioning. The number of motels has grown so rapidly in recent years that their total annual income has surpassed that of American hotels. （二） 谴词用字 一词本无义遣词用字是一种翻译技巧

12、，也是译者最重要的基本功，在翻译的整个过程中都需要我们对译文的字词取舍作出正确的判断，形成通顺的文字。鲁迅先生在谈到翻译工作的甘苦时曾说过：我向来总以为翻译比创作容易，因为至少是无须构想。但到真的一译，就会遇到难关；比如一个名词或动词，写不出，创作的时候可以回避，翻译上却不成，也还得想，一直弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里面摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。Wittgenstein：The meaning of word is its use in the language.” Firth：Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”林语堂

13、：字是死的，有了上下文才是活的。依靠词典过了头也会出毛病。 二一词多义本义与引申义Denotation: the most direct meaning of a word.Connotation: figurative meanings and associated meanings. 英语转义：Storm1. But his last words brought on another storm. 2.His proposal was met by a storm of protest. 3. Her singing took New York by storm. 4. The soldi

14、ers stormed through the streets. 5. Their only hope of victory was to storm the enemy camp at night.6. John stormed in the meeting waving a piece of paper about. 7. We thought that their quarrel was just a storm in a teacup. 汉语转义：意思我的意思是最好不要推迟开会的时间。 _-, its better not to postpone the meeting.她被夸得不好意

15、思。She felt _by so much praise.他出卖朋友真不够意思。He was so _as to betray his friend.让你久等了，真不好意思。I am _ to have kept you waiting so long.他说的话很有意思。What he said was very _.三词义的确定根据搭配确定词义: a heavy box _ a heavy rain _ heavy clouds _ heavy news _ heavy line _ heavy wine _a heavy sea _ a heavy smoker _heavy sleep

16、 _heavy traffic _ a very heavy schedule_.Heavily armed terrorists_ She lost heavily at cards_.根据语境确定词义We had hopes of developing tourism on quite a big scale.我们曾希望大规模_旅游业。Botanists have succeeded in developing many new plants.植物学家成功地_.The photographer develops all his films.那位摄影师_。Land animals are t

17、hought to have developed from sea animals.陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物_。Id like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point.在讲下一点之前，_。四具体与抽象具体译具体1. But when youve learned English, youll find it a bridge to so much knowledge. 2. The invention of printing was a mile-stone in human progre

18、ss. 3. If we attack quickly, we can nip the enemys plans in the bud. 4. He bombarded her with questions. 5.中国是世界经济最活跃的地方只有，浦东是国际资本投资的热土。6.负责财务的那个女人简直是个母老虎。7.美国再也无力承担世界经济龙头的重任了。化具体为抽象：1.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the colonialists. 3.What is learned in the cradle i

19、s carried to the grave. 4.China joined the growing list of Asian nations turning their backs on American aircraft-makers.5.坚持精神文明物质文明两手抓，两手都要硬。 We must_economic development on one hand and to _ on the other hand.6.不要让孩子只知道“头悬梁，锥刺股，死读书，读死书。”译文1：Dont make the children know nothing more than hang the h

20、air. cutting the bottoms; reading only for reading.改译：四小试身手delicateskin delicatechina delicateupbringing delicatehealthdelicatevase delicatediplomaticquestion a critics delicate perception delicatesenseofsmell delicatefood a delicate set of scalesdelicate difference I admired your delicate handling

21、of the situation. Were conducting very delicate negotiations. 1).We insist that international trade should not be a one-way-street.2). Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade4).20世纪90年代以来，美国硅谷成了带动美国经济持续高速发展的发动机。5). 银行

22、在巩固了自己的住房贷款之后，又将目光瞄上了汽车市场。With its role consolidated in the part of housing loans, these banks_.五.翻译练习（20ms） Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations. One approach to understand the working environment is to consider an organization as a communications system. A

23、n organization that has open lines of communication with valid, honest information going up, down, and throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive. When leadersh

24、ip attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. This undermines their cooperation.It is easy to understand the value and importance of open, honest communications and valid information. Yet, few organizations are able to function in this manner. In the long run, poor com

25、munication will undermine the entire organization. Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of short-range thinking. We must avoid these stupid, shortsighted traps and constantly strive for and open communications system with objective information.（三） 增词减词隐性（意合）和显性（形合）是汉英语法最

26、大的，带根本性的差异。由于这一差异，就造成了英汉语翻译时的一个独特技巧：增译和减译问题。一个成熟的译者应该敢于在不损害原意的前提下，适当增译或减译，使译文更符合目的语表达习惯。潘文国：汉译英可能会减掉某些东西，但绝对必须增加一些东西；英译汉可能会增加某些东西，但绝对必须减掉一些东西。译家之言汉译英可能会减掉某些东西，但绝对必须增加一些东西；英译汉可能会增加某些东西，但绝对必须减掉一些东西。(潘文国)一增词英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加。汉译英：语法需要1）困难终于克服了，大家都很高兴。 译文：2) 早知道他有病，我就不会叫他来了。 译文：3）知彼知

27、己，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。_ fight a hundred battles without defeat_ know the enemy_yourself._win one battle _ lose one battle if you know yourself _ leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. _lose every battle _ leave both the enemy_ yourself in the dark. 4）交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好

28、。译文：为了意义完整建国以来/抗战期间5）幼读三百篇，不求甚解。继学师范，遂奠教书匠之基，及壮，糊口四方，教书为业。英译汉：1）If you think you are beaten, you are. 译文：2).He wanted to learn, to know, and to teach. 译文：3）Reading exercises ones eyes; Speaking, ones tongue; while writing, ones mind.5）The had no wish to change the system itself, or if they did, thro

29、ugh idealistic, utopian schemes.6）.The leader of the department came to him to undertake the persuasion. 译文：7). Most people in America, minority people in particular, are convinced that injustices exist in their economic system.译文： 二减词与增词相反，翻译中的减词是为求译文文字简洁流畅，在译文中省去原文需要而译文多余的一些词语。A horse is a useful

30、animal. Wash your hands before the meal Put your hat on your head.He shrugged his shoulders, and shook his head, but said nothing.译家之言既然见when就当，五步一当，十步一当，当当之声，遂不绝于耳了。”尤其是这样一句：“当他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着玛丽布朗的名字的旧钓鱼竿的时候”，他讥讽道：“两头远得简直要害相思。英译汉：1) Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long i

31、n it.2) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound. 译文： 汉译英省去范畴词落后状态； 自满情绪； 疯狂行为； 紧张态势； 研究活动； 3）大

32、会准备工作在继续进行。 译文：4).多年来，该国存在严重的失业现象。 译文：5）一些地区的紧张态势依然存在。 译文：6）完善社会主义市场经济体制、加强党的执政能力建设。省略汉语重复的词7) 我们公司生产的地毯美丽大方、光彩夺目、富丽堂皇、魅力无穷。8) 科学技术突飞猛进，给亚洲的发展带来了新的机遇，也带来了新的挑战。（02-9）译文: 三小试身手 1). 1). The classical virtues of grace, harmony, and economy of both means and ends are lost on most Americans.2). The 21st c

33、entury executive must be a global strategist, working as deftly in Tokyo as in New York. He seesthen seizesmarkets worldwide.3）She was a tireless activist for racial and sexual equality. She was complex. Her main massage was and is，“Were like everybody else. And its OK to be ourselves（the blind）.” （

34、99/9）译文： 4) 燕子去了, 有再来的时候；杨柳枯了, 有再青春的时候；桃花谢了, 有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我, 我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?5）建行上海分行推出了十大优惠举措，欲在外资非金融机构染指汽车贷款之前，做大自己的汽车贷款。四翻译练习（25ms）If theres a threat of dangerous deflationa general fall in pricesthe causes lie as much in Europe and Japan as in the United States. The inevitable collapse of Ame

35、ricas speculative boom need not have been especially damaging if the worlds other advanced economies were healthy. Their expanding appetite for imports would have bolstered the United States and so-called emerging market countries, from Brazil to South Korea. The trouble is that other advanced econo

36、mies arent healthy.Deflation could emerge from simultaneous slumps in the worlds three major economies. Prices drop because theres too little global demand chasing too much global supplyeverything from steel to shoes. Japans ills are well known its banks are awash in bad loans. Less understood (at l

37、east in the United States) is the fact the Europes troubles stem significantly from Germany. Germany is Europes “sick man”, just as Japan is Asias. Only 15 years ago, these countries seemed poised to assume leadership of the world economy. Now they are dragging it down.（四）公示语翻译随着经济全球化的日益深入，中国对外交往不断增

38、多，近几年随着北京奥运会和上海世博会的日益临近，越来越多中英对照的标牌和标识语出现在公共场所、旅游景点以及各种宣传资料上。然而，“令人遗憾的是，在这类文字的翻译中，张冠李戴、译文刻板、用词不当等语言错误俯拾皆是。”在公示语汉英翻译中存在着不少质量问题，有不少噬待解决的难题和需要改进的地方。在宾馆饭店、旅游景点或博物馆等窗口行业，在公园、街头、商场等公共场所，错误或不规范的外文随处可见。 一、动车组上的公示语清洁袋： 误译：Airsickness bag 改译：动车组候车室： 误译：Move the Vehicle Crew Waiting Room 改译：全列车各个部位不得吸烟。原译：Smok

39、ing in not allowed in every part of the train改译：请勿大声喧哗，以保持车厢安静。原译：Please do not make much noise, and to keep the trains quiet. 改译：洗脸间设在单号车厢。原译：Toilets are in odd numbers compartment改译：到站的旅客，请往前门下车。 原译：Arriving passengers，Please forward door alight. 改译：更舒适、更时尚、更环保、更美好 原译：more comfortable，more fashion

40、able，more environmentally and more wonderful 改译：然而令人遗憾的是，号称设施一流、服务一流的“和谐号”动车组列车上的各类英文标识翻译却是如此不入流，出现如此多令人匪夷所思的错误确实让人失望。 二、公示语翻译纠错 在日常生活中,错误的英语用法俯拾即是,其中最明显的就是公示语的英文翻译，以下是笔者收集到的一些令人啼笑皆非的翻译，大家平时不妨也多加留意，相信你也肯定会“有所收获”。 出口： 有房： 有狗： 一次性用品： 残疾人厕所： 民族园： 化验室： 小心有电： 先下后上 文明乘车： 非紧急情况请止步： 小心地滑： 小心碰头： 水深危险，请勿下水游玩：

41、 请勿乱丢果壳纸屑： 检票口： 三、菜单翻译夫妻肺片： 红烧狮子头忘记小吃店： 三鲜伊府面：四、公示语翻译练习 1.小心台阶 2. 非公莫入 3. 谨防扒手 4. 老弱病残孕专座 5. 请勿酒后驾车 6. 请勿随地大小便 7.先来先办 8.立等可取9. 全天营业 10.清仓大甩卖11. 禁止一切车辆 12. 小心站台间隙五、菜单翻译练习1.德州扒鸡 2.回锅肉片3.狗不理包子4. 口水鸡5. 蚂蚁上树6. 法式甜酸西红柿片配黄油鸡蛋粒：7酥炸黑色发酵豆块佐红辣椒蒜汁8铁板特煎外十分熟内七分熟碎牛扒佐青椒段洋葱块： 9. 特制甜糯米配日式蜜豆沙及八色澳洲香焙干果：10墨西哥特辣炖过油精致阿根廷小牛肉配当下时蔬： 11. 辛辣花椒原生豆酱浓姜红汤土豆米线毛肚香菜小肉球海带白菜鸭舌猪脑生切鱼片猪肉片羊肉片牛肉片老牛肉片嫩牛肉片牛筋黄喉儿笋子豆皮豆干豆腐杂烩炖：（五） 词性转换 一词性转换转性译法