英语语法基础.docx

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1、第三人称单数是英语中的一种语法，也称“三单”或“单三”，用于一般现在时的句子，当动词在第三人称单数后时【she、he 、it、不可数名词和人名（一个人的）】，要根据其情况变化。通常加s/es第一人称就是“我”和“我们”。第二人称是“你”和“你们”。第三人称单数是“他”、“她”和“它”，复数则是“他们”。1、主语：可以由名词（N）、代词、数词不定式、V-ing，名词化的adj和主语从句表示。例句：We often speak English in class.American country music has become more and more popular.One-third (of

2、 the stands) are girls.不定式：To do.To swim in the river is pleasure.Doing Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.ItIts necessary to master a foreign language.主语从句What I said is true.Who WhereWhen2、谓语:说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词（V）一般在句中做谓语。一般放在主语之后。简单谓语：复合谓语：是有“情态动词”或“其他助动词+V原形”构成。You may keep the books to

3、 .表语：在系动词之后的都是表语。说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。系动词：be、 become、 turn 、go、 smell、 taste、 got、 grow、 look、 appear、 seem.补充：主语+谓语+宾语五大陈述句中的一类，谓语动词可以接名词或代词，主语是动作的发出者，宾语是动作的承受者主+系+表系动词大致两类，be，get，become等一类，感官动词一类（look，sound等）表语用来说明主语的特征，性质，状态。表语：一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、不定式、副词、介词短语及表语从句充当。例句：Our English teacher is an American.I

4、s it yours?The weather turned cold.The speech is exating.His job is to teach.宾语：实意动词。一般在Vt.（及物动词）和介词之后，由名词、代词（pron.）、数词、名词化的形容词、to do. doing 宾语从句充当。He pretended not to see me.I enjoy listening to the popular music.I think that he is for the job.I dont know whether he will come here.They helped the o

5、ld.双宾语：间接宾语、直接宾语。Lend me(间接宾语) your book(直接宾语).复合宾语：“宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语。在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语.We call him Jack. 这里him 是宾语， Jack 是宾语补足语。宾补：宾语补足语：某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等，称为

6、宾语补足语。一般句型：makehave have him repair the bike.have sb. do(V原形)have sb. doing(V-ing)一直作have sth done被作letseeHis father named him xiaoming.(n)They painted the wall white.(adj)let the fresh air in (adv)I found everything in order(介词短语)定语：一般修饰名词或代词的词、短语、从句、称为定语。It is a beautiful city.(adj)a developing co

7、untry 发展的中国家 发展中国家a developed country 发展完的国家 发达国家boiling water 正在开的水 主动完成boiled water 开水 被动完成women teachers (n)my book (代)不定式短语作定语：He is first to come.I have something to say.I have a chance to go abroad.状语：修饰V. adj. adv. 整个句子。原因状语：I didnt go to school because I was ill.条件状语：I will go there if doesn

8、t rain.伴随状语：He come in with a book in his hand.目的状语:In order to catch others I hand to study harder.结果状语：He was so tired that He fell asleep immediately.让步状语：Though he is young he learned more.比较状语：Im taller than he.定语从句：修饰前面某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。(主句中不缺少成分，只是对前面某一成分进行补充说明。)The man (who lives next to us se

9、lls) vegetables.先行词：manYou must do everything (that I do).引导词：关系代词：指人who，一般在句中充当主语，但有时也为宾语。The boy (who is standing there) is my brother.指人whom，一般在句中充当宾语，可以省略。The man (whom)you met yesterday is my .指物which ，一般在句中充当主语、宾语、表语。The pen (which)my uncle gave me .指人，指物 that，一般在句中充当主、宾、表语。作宾语时可省略。“谁的”whose，一

10、般在句中充当定语=of whom/which.My book=the book of mine总结：关系代词：who、whom、which、that。关系副词：Where，表示地点的词，在句中一般多做地点状语。=on/in/at which.The factory where/in which my father works is in the edge of the city.The is the village where I lived ten years ago.When =in/at/on+which 表示时间的名词，在句中一般多作时间状语。Ill never forget the

11、day when I joined the party.Why=for which 表示原因的名词，在句中一般多做原因状语。The is the reason for which /why I am late.I still remember the days that/which we spent together in.I still remember the days when we spent our holiday on the days.定语从句的分类：限制性定语从句：是对被修饰的先行词有限定、制约、的作用，使该词的含义更具体、更明确。所以不可以用“，”将其与主句隔开，也不可将其省

12、略。否则句意就不完整。非限制性定语从句：与先行词的关系不十分密切，只作一些附加说明，不起限定的作用。所以可以用“，”将其与主句隔开，即使将其省略，主句的意思仍然完整明确。Do you still remember the girl who taught us English.This is the place where he used to .Mr. Zhang. who came to me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.非限制性定语从句：不管人、物，都不能用that引导。非限制性定语从句的先行词可以为整个句子，此时非限制性定语从句常用which引

13、导。A 5-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages,Which surprised the people present?定语从句中只能用that，而不用what 的特殊情况。1、当先行词是不定代词时，all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, the one, none,关系词只用that，不用which。You should hand in everything that you have.Do you have anything that you want to

14、 say for yourself.2、当先行词是only ,few, little ,all, no, very,修饰时，关系词应用that引导。The only thing that we can do is to give you.The is the very book that Im looking for .3、当先行词是形容词的最高级时或者说它被形容词的最高级修饰时，关系词应用that引导。The is the most interesting film that I have ever seen .This is the best that I did.4、当先行词是序数词或者

15、它前面被序数词修饰时，多用that引导，而不用which。The train is the last that will go to 5、当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that 修饰。Do you know the things and herons that they are talking about.6、当主句的主语是疑问词who/which时，用that.Which is the bike that you lost.Who is the boy that won the golden medal.7、有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已经是which时，另外一个多用that。They

16、 secretly build up a factory, which produce things that an came.8、当先行词在主句中作主语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时，一般多用that。Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be .“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。1、“介词+关系代词”，介词的宾语指人时只能用whom，指物时用which。2、介词的选用，根据从句中的动词、形容词、与关系代词的习惯搭配而定，即把关系代词放在从句的谓语动词之后，看动词与先行词之间用什么介词合适。The man to whom I spoke j

17、ust now is my uncle.Who is the girl with whom you .3、在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词（prep）不可分割，因此不能置于关系代词之前。This is the pen what/that Im looking for.Take care of /look after4、在“代词（pron.）/n.+ of +关系代词”的结构或由“复合介词短语+关系代词”的结构中，同样先行词指人时用whom，指物时用which。而且从句部分常用“，”与主语隔开。Here are players from Japan, some of whom are

18、my old friends.He lives in a city have in front of(复合介词短语) which stand a big tree.as 关系代词；在句中充当主、宾、表的成分，它可以引导限制性和非限制性定语定语从句。1、引导非限时,表示“正如，如同”可以放于句首，也可放于句中。As( 作宾语) we all know he work hard(先行词).As its reported.As we all believed.As is reported/known.He works hard as we all know.?! which 引导的非限，放于主句之后

19、。which “这一点”as“正如，如同”The weather turned out to be good , which was more than we could expect.as we expected.as 引导限制性定语从句，经常用于下列结构中：1、so/such.as2、as.as.3、the same.as.先行词被so/such/as/the same修饰时，关系代词多用as.Such people as you are thought to be .She is so beautiful a girl as we all like.She is so beautiful

20、 a girl that we all like her.抽象地点名词+where引导的宾语从句point situation position stage condition case occasion等若在句中作先行词，后面的定语从句多用which引导。Can you think of situation where the .He was reached a point where the change is needed.注意：on occasion作为“场合”讲时：后用where引导，on special occasion作为“时刻”讲时，后用when引导。定语从句中的谓语动词要与先

21、行词保持一致。I，who am your teacher will do my best to help you To own a TV set on each family which we thought is impossible now becomes true.one of +名词复数+关系代词+复数谓语动词当先行词（n词的复数）被one of 修饰时，后面的谓语动词应当用复数形式。The Great Wall is one of the famous buildings that .a lot of visitors.但当the only one of +名词复数+关系代词+单数谓

22、语动词.当先行词被the only one of 修饰时，后面谓语从句的动词应该用单数形式。The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings that is seen from the .way ,reason后面接定语从句的情况。way ：在定语从句中表“方式，方法”若way在定语从句中充当的为方式状语，关系词的选择 that/in which/空The way that/in which /空he did the thing is simple.当先行词the way在定语从句中充当主语、宾语的时候，它后面的定语从句的引导词这时候一般多用tha

23、t/which/ 空。The way that/which/kong he explained to us is simple.reason“原因”作为先行词时，如果先行词在句中充当原因状语，关系词的选择用why/for which/that/空。The main reason why/for which/that/kong come here was to see you.当reason作为先行词，在句中充当主、宾时，它的关系词选择用that/which/空。The reason _he explain 名词性从句名词性从句，相当于名词，在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同谓语。它的连接词有that

24、/if, whether.that只起连接作用主语从句：that不省略，if不能引导主语从句。That he will come is certain.Its certain that he will come.whether he will come or not doesnt master.宾语从句：that可省。if/whether可用。I dont know (that) he will come.I wonder whether/if he will come.表语从句：that不能省。用whether不能用if.The fact is that I have never been

25、there.The question is whether it is worth doing .同谓语从句：对前面的词起解释说明。在同谓语从句中不能用whether,只能用if。The news that our class won excited all of us.He asks me the question whether the book was worth reading.1、who/whom/whose/what 多充当主、宾、表语从句。（定语）who：谁，作主语，宾语。whom：作宾语whose：谁的which：哪一个what：什么.作主语。主语从句：what he said

26、 is important.who will come hasnt been decided.which she will won isnt clean.宾语从句：Vt.的宾语，I dont know what he is doing .Do you know who he is waiting for He ask me whose .介词的宾语：.表语从句：That is what he is worried aboutThe question is who will come here.同谓语从句：I have no idea which team will won.三、连接adv.(副

27、词)where/when/why /how作状语。地点/时间/不同/方式状语。1、主语从句：When they will hold the meeting hasnt been decided.2、宾语从句：Do you know why he said so.Can you tell me how I can get to the station.3、表语从句：That is the where he was born.4、同谓语：I have no idea where he .You have no idea how worried I mill.经验小结：1、判断主干中是否缺成分，只有

28、缺成分的才为名词性从句。2、看关系词在从句中充当的成分，如果是主、谓、宾，那么选择what/which /who/whom/whose .that/if /whether.如果不充当成分，则在when/why /how/where中选择。3、记住充不充当成分，可看从句中的谓语动词为及物或不及物动词。经典例句欣赏：Thats where I dont agree you should have a more .That is where I dont agree you should have a more .一、主语从句：1、一般多用it 作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。That

29、he will do well in the exam is certain.Its certain that he will do well in the exam.Its pity that we cant go Its said that he will come here.2、连接代词：whoever/whomever/whatever/whichever也可引导主语从句，语气强烈。Whoever comes will be welcomed.Whatever he did was true/right.3、在whether和if中，只能用whether引导主语从句。二、宾语从句1、如

30、果宾语从句后面还有一个宾语补足语，一般用it作形式宾语，还将宾语从句后置。We thought is strange that XiaoMing didnt come yesterday.2、作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只有用在except/but /in.The article is a good .except that thereve some mistaken.except/but that 除了in that 在于He succeeded in that he work hard.He succeeded be in .某些形容词+过去分词（adj.+

31、p.p）后面接宾语从句，这类adj./pp有sure、certain(肯定的)、happy pleased、 afraid、 surprised、 satisfied ，这个时候连接词that 可以省略。Im not sure what I ought to do.Im afraid you dont understand what I say.Mom was pleased her daughter passed the exam.4、连接代词 whomever/whoever/whichever/whatever也可引导宾语从句。I will show you whatever you w

32、asnt to see.You may close whoever you like.三、表语从句：be、vi.的ing。系动词。seem/look/appear/sound/feel/taste/remain/+表语从句It looks as if he is going to rain.It sounds as if you are from the sowth.四、同谓语从句：接同谓语从句的抽象名词一般有fact/news/hope/truth/idea/suggestion/ thought(想法)/order(命令)/problem(问题)/belief(信念)/doubt/fear

33、(害怕、恐惧).Its no doubt that they will win.The news that our class won excited.The news that he told us.5、no matter+成分=ever.whomever/whatever.引导定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句、让步状语从句。Whatever I said he wouldnt listen to me.Whatever I said was the fact.有“，”就是让步状语从句，没有“，”就是名词性从句。但no matter、ever 只能引导让步状语从句。He would believ

34、e whatever I said.It is the library where I borrowed.It is from the library that I borrowed.The news that he told us is excited.The news that he won the prize.V的时态一般过去时：did过去经常性的、习惯性的动作或状态。He often cried when he was a boy.过去某一时刻的动作或状态I went to the bank just now.Where were you?用于过去时态中：dont know /I fo

35、rgetI though 表示事先不知道，不记得但是现在已知道记得的事情。I didnt know you were here.Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.I thought you would come to the party. “过去经常”:used to do 今非昔比，过去常做，现在不做。would 过去经常性、习惯性的。现在做不做不确定。I used to have a milk after super.I would.过去完成时：had done.1、表示过去某一时间前已发生的动作或情况。Mares had learnt some Engli

36、sh before he come to London.had done.2、表示过去某动作前已发生的另一个动作。The train had left when I got to station.3、表示过去中曾实现的意图、打算、希望。think、hope、plan 、intend、 mean 、suppose、 expect。I had planed/intended/hoped to see you yesterday bort the train prevented me .planed to have done.I had meant to help you but I was bus

37、y.经验总结：had planed to do sth.=planed to have done.had intend /mean/expect/hopewhen多与完成时态连接的时间状语：by thenby that timeby the end of by the time before现在完成时：have/has done.1、表示现在已经完成或刚刚完成，且对现在有影响的动作。I have finished my homework.2、表示从过去持续至今也许持续到将来的动作或状态。He has lived here since 2002.3、在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来某一时刻要做完的

38、动作。I wont believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.Dont get off the bus until it has .4、到目前为止的一些时间内，多少次或第几次干某事。I have been to BJ seven times.Its the first time that I have.lately recently in the past/last two daysIn the past/last few years lrent changes have taken place.Its said that Ediso

39、n(1890-1931)was world leading inventor for sixly years.一般现在时：V的单三：动词的第三人称单数。1、表现在经常性、习惯性的动作。I read English every morning.2、客观真理、普遍公理，科学实事。 The sun rises in the east.3、现有的兴趣、爱好、能力。He likes playing football.4、按时刻表将要发生的动作。come 、live、go 、arrive、 start/begin、take off 、return、stop 、open 、close。用一般现在时表将来：T

40、he train starts/leaves at 4:20 PM.The meeting starts this afternoon.一般将来时：1、现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。Tom will come next week.2、事物固有的属性或必然的趋势。Fish will die without water.The door wont open.3、对现在某个动作的计划和安排。be going to He is going to speak on TV.be will 一般的将来，现在看来以后将要发生的动作和状态。事物固有的属性和必然的趋势。某人临时的决定。be going t

41、o +V原.1、计划打算要做某事。2、根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。Look at the clouds, it is going to rain.be about to do .表立即的将来，一般不与将来的具体时间状语连用，但可与when连用。Im about to leave when the telephone.will+V原（动词原形）/dobe about to dobe going to do be to do现在进行时：V-ing, am/is /are+V-ing/doing.表按计划将要发生的动作。Im leaving /coming.be to do.1、表将来，表按计划将

42、要做的事情。She is to be married next months.2、必须、应该=must/shouldYou are to report to the police.3、表示想/打算。If we are to be there before 10 we will have to go now.was/were to do.一般表示命运注定将要发生的事情。They said goodbye to each other, no knowing there were never to meet again.现在进行时：1、表 此时此刻将要发生的动作。2、现阶段正在发生的动作。We ar

43、e building the bridge.3、情况的暂时性。I dont really work have I am just helping the new secretary arrives.4、进行时态与表示经常性、反复性的adv.(副词)连用,表示现在作者的动作，感情色彩或厌恶、赀意不屑。He is always helping others.You are always asking we so finish a question.5、表计划，安排近期将要发生的动作。Im leaving for tomorrow.过去进行时：过去的某一时刻，某一阶段正在发生的动作。He was w

44、atching TV the time yesterday.It was raining all day/the whole morning.过去进行时与表示反复always. continunaling,ansnstantly, foreverHe always thinking of others.过去将来时：宾语从句中的间接引语中。I thought you would come.She was sure that she world succeed.过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去的动作、过去的意图和打算。1、在一些从句中，从句多用一般现在时替一般将来时。Ill go unless I a

45、m invivted.2、固定结构This is the first/second time that sb. have done.Its the first time that I have been to .This was the first time that sb. had done.3、be about to .when.be doing whenI was leaving when the telephone rang.被动语态一般现在时：be+done.The English is spoken in mary.一般过去时：was/were+done.Many people w

46、ere killed in the war.一般将来时：will+be+done.The play will be put on next Sunday.过去将来时：would+be+done.He told me the meeting would be put off.进行时：be+doing be being done.The new building is being built now.过去进行时：was/were doingwas/were being done.The school was being built the time.现在完成时：has/have done.have/has been done.A new school been built.过去完成时：had done.had been done.情态动词：may/should/must+V原shoul