英语语法体系（English Grammar）.doc

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1、导论：英语语法体系（English Grammar）NP SPron. SVPNum VP V SV(A)Prep.P Adj.P SVO(A)Adv.P Inf.P PNon- GPfinite Pre.Part.P VP Past Part. P O SVOO S-clauseNominal P-clause Cclauses O-clause App.-clause A SVOC(Adverbial clause) (Attributive clause) (Attr) 英语语法课程体系基本概念1 词性 2. 语法层次 3. 词类的功能（常规/非常规） 4. 分句成分（常规/非常规） 4

2、. 词类与成分对应关系 5. 基本句型英语句子常态结构一、句内关系模块1. 支配关系（动词概述） 2. 一致关系二、非限定动词模块3. 动名词 4. 动词不定式 5. 分词三、从句模块6. 名词性从句 7. 状语从句 8. 定语从句四、限定动词模块9. 动词的时与体 10. 将来时间表示法11. 虚拟语气 12. 情态助动词五、名词模块13. 名词及其属格 14. 限定词六、修饰语模块15. 形容词 16. 副词 17. 介词七、英汉对比模块 18. 英汉句型比较 19. 英汉句子结构比较20. 英汉词汇搭配、词义对比 21. 英汉表达法比较22. 英汉连贯与衔接对比英语句子的非常态结构1.（

3、反意疑问句） 2. It 句型与There be 句型3. 强调句 4. 倒装 5. 分隔（前置与后置） 6. 省略 7.替代综合练习1.句型判断 2. 联句3. 语法手段判断 4. 长难句结构分析Language possess grammatical systems not, as some learners might be inclined to think, simply to make the learning of the language more difficult, but to express meanings. The grammatical devices of a

4、language are not to be learned as an end in themselves. It is the capacity to express meaning that is the end. The grammatical system provides the necessary means. 第一讲 语法的内容总论英语的基本结构单位有词和句两个，因而词的构造规则和句的构造规则就成为英语语法的基本内容，分别由词法和句法去研究。它们都是从语汇中抽象出来的规则。词法的主要内容大致可分为两部分：一是词素组合为词的规则和词的变化规则；二是词的语法分类。词的语法分类就是将

5、词分成名词、动词和形容词等的词类。为什么要分词类？这是由于在组词造句的时候，词类与句子结构成分之间存在着有规律的对应关系，要分析组词造句的规则，必须将词分类，使之在词和句之间架起一座桥梁。能充当句子结构成分的词类一般可以分为名词、动词、形容词和副词，它们与句子成分之间存在着对应关系，因而人们称它为双轨制的语法结构： 主语、宾语 谓语 定语 状语名词 动词 形容词 副词一轨是以“主语谓语”结构为框架的句法，其中的核心的规则就是主、谓语之间的一致关系；一轨是和句子结构成分有对应关系的名词、动词、形容词的词类划分，二轨相互依存，因为名词是做主、宾语用的，动词是做谓语用的，形容词是做定语用的，副词是做

6、状语用的。这种状况如用演戏作比喻，大致情况是：“主语谓语”框架好像是舞台，名词、动词、形容词、副词好像是演员，而主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语犹如演员所扮演的角色，而一个个具体的句子就犹如一出出戏剧；舞台、演员、角色和演出的戏剧在演出中相互依存，形成一个整体，缺一就演不成戏。所以，由两个基本结构单位构成的双轨是相互依存的，在造句的时候二轨合而为一，彼此拧成一股绳，造出一个个合格的句子。词法和句法的构造规则虽然很多，但核心的规则只有一条，这就是一致关系所维持的“主语谓语”的结构框架，因为其他的规则都需要接受它的控制。人们如果掌握了这条总原则的精神，也就容易把握印欧语语法的基本脉络了。1词法、句法与

7、语篇语法是研究词形变化、句子结构及语篇组织的科学。研究词形变化的部分称为词法(morphology)，如名词的数、格，动词的时态、语态都属于词法范畴。研究句子结构的部分成为称为句法(syntax)，如句子的成分、语序、句子结构、句子种类等，都属于句法范畴。这两部分虽有不同内容，中间的关系却非常紧密。在词法时不可避免要涉及句法，在句法中也有许多部分与词法有关。因此在学习过程中，既要注意两者之间的差异，又要注意两者之间的联系，机械地把它们分割开对学习是不利的。传统的语法中不包括语篇部分。所谓“语篇text”，不论是口头形式或书面形式，都是一些意义相连的句子为达到一定交际目的并通过一定手段连接起来，

8、从而具有结构上的粘着性(cohesion)意义上的连贯性(coherence)的语义整体。（A text, spoken or written, is a structurally cohesive and semantically coherent unit realized by a string of sentences for communicative purposes.）句子是语法结构的最高层次，也是构成语篇的基本语言单位，句子和语篇有着不可分割的联系。语篇分析研究的是语篇的结构以及构成语篇性(texture)的机制, 即语篇内部的衔接与连贯。2 语法与词汇语法虽有一定的独立性，但

9、它与词汇是密不可分的。语法指谴词造句的规律，但它离不开词汇。语法体现在词汇中，而词汇受语法制约。语法好比是骨架，而词汇好比是血肉；语法也可说是一棵树的躯干，词汇则是枝叶。要形成有机的躯体几根深叶茂的大树，必须把两者结合起来。可以说每个词汇中都有语法问题，语法体现在整个词汇之中。孤立研究语法不可能掌握语法，干巴巴的语法条文绝不代表语法，语法要在活生生的语言中体现。在英语入门阶段，主要学词汇，也学少量语法，到词汇积累到一定程度，则应比较系统地学习语法。学语法可帮助更快地积累词汇和掌握词汇，提高语言学习的自觉性。不论是加强语言理解力或语言的使用能力，语法都可以发挥重要的作用。比较理想的做法是把语法和

10、词汇交叉学习，经过多次反复，才可更深入掌握语言。学词汇他体上是加强感性认识，学语法则是提高理性认识。只有把两者结合起来才能真正掌握语言，才能学到有血有肉的语言。3 词类(parts of speech)英语中的词可根据词义、句法作用和形式特征，分为十大类（见下表），称为词类，在这十种词类中，前六种可以在句子中独立担任成分，称为实意词(notional words)。介词、连词和冠词都不能独立在句子中担任任何成分，称为虚词(form words)。感叹词一般不构成句子成分，可以看作特殊的一类。除了这十大类之外，还有表示肯定与否定的yes 和no，还有不定式前的小品词(particle) to。实

11、意词大多数在句子中重读，只有助词，情态动词和动词be以及人称代词等在某些情况下弱读，而虚词一般都不重读。词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun (n.)人或事物的名称girl, history代词Pronoun (pron.)代替名词、数词等they, many数词Numeral (num.)表示数目与顺序nine, third形容词Adjective (adj.)表示人或事物性质或特征brave, small动词Verb (v.)表示动作或状态hear, know副词Adverb (adv.)表示动作特征或性状特征nicely, very冠词Article (art.)用在名词前，帮助说明意义a(

12、n), the介词Preposition(prep.)用在名词、代词前说明与别的词的关系for, from连词Conjection (conj.)用来连接词与词或句与句and, if感叹词Interjection(Interj.)表示说话时的表情或口气oh, ah4 限定词关于词类的区分，大多数语法学家按上述分发，但有一些英国语法学家把一些词归在一起，成为限定词(determiners), 主要指用在名词前帮助说明词义的词，如冠词a, an, the物主代词，如my, your, his用作定语的某些不定代词，如some, any, many, little, few, both, each.

13、用作定语的指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词等，如this, what, whose, whatever.而美国语言学家不作这种区分，用作定语的代词他们干脆称为形容词，如 This is Helens room. （代词）This room is mine. （形容词）You can have either of them. （代词）You can have either one. （形容词） 这样处理在字典中也比较方便。但从实用角度看，统统称为代词也未尝不可。5 分清词类至关重要 要学好英语，第一件事就是分清词类。每学一个词都要知道它属于哪个词类，是名词还是动词，这样区分至关重要。各种词类都有自己

14、的特点，只有知道一个词属于哪个词类，才能正确使用它。同时还应弄清各个句子成分应由哪类词来担任，例如：主语、宾语多由名词担任：The success of the play has been a great encouragement to him. (作主语)She wished him success. （作宾语）The experiment has succeeded. （作谓语）He is a successful writer. （作定语）He worked successfully. （作状语）从这些句子中可以看出，不分清词类就寸步难行。6 同一个词可用作多种词类同一个词只用作一个词

15、类的情况是相对较少的，多数词都可兼作不同词类，例如：It is easy to be wise after an event.I will tell them the news after you leave.A moment after there was a knock at his door.In after years I became familiar with it.He again did double work that day.Jane and Tom won the mixed doubles.The price of vegetables has been doubled

16、 because of the weather.Many things now cost double what they did a year ago. In the middle was a round table.She looked round her in astonishment.The children gathered round to hear the story.Charles was on his rounds.We round our lips to say oo.7 词尾有些词从词尾上就可看出属于哪个词类，有些词尾是名词的标志，另一些是副词的标志，例如：名词词尾er

17、(fighter), -or (sailor), ist (artist) -ant (assistant), ee(employee) -ian (librarian), tion (action) -ment (government), -dom (wisdom), -ness (eagerness),-ism (terrorism), -ship (friendship,-ure (pleasure), -ty (cruelty), -ence (reference)形容词词尾 ful (careful), -less (careless) -ish (selfish), -ive (a

18、ctive) -ous (famous), -able (drinkable) -ible (audible), -y (easy) -ese (Chinese, -al (natural) -ent (different), -ant (important动词词尾 ize (realize), -en (strengthen) -ify (simplify)副词词尾 ly (luckily), -ward(s) (homeword) -wise (likewise)数词词尾 teen (fifteen), -ty (thirty), -th (fourth)8 词缀、词义与词性大多数前缀不影

19、响词根的词性，而仅仅对词根的意义加以修饰，表示否定、相反、贬低、向背、程度、时间、方位等意义。但英语中有几个前缀，如be-, en/em-, a- 等，并不改变词根的基本意义，而是引起词性的变化。如：belittle, befriend, benumb（使失去知觉，使麻木）, enforce, encourage, enslave, enable, embody, empower, asleep, ablaze（燃烧，着火）英语的后缀具有较强的语法作用， 加在词根上构成派生词，并不改变词根的基本意义， 而是改变了词性。但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义，而不改变词性。 例如：Gangster

20、（匪徒，歹徒）, boyhood, impressionism, kingdom, spoonful, Londoner, machinery, matting（粗糙编织物）, booklet, idealism, friendship, drudgery（繁重、乏味的工作）。 一个词缀附加与某一个单词，有两方面特点：（1）某一特定词缀仅与某种词性的词组合， 如-ative一般只与动词组合comparative, informative, preventive, talkative-ee只能与动词组合成“被动者”：appointee, employee, examinee, invitee,

21、interviewee, trainee-able也只能与动词组合构成形容词dependable, movable, adjustable;（2）加上某一词缀后的词属于同一词类，例如：centralize, economize, industrialize, modernize, normalize, realize; airproof, fireproof, lightproof, rainproof, soundproof, waterproof 9 语法层次(Grammatical hierarchy)It is usually assumed that the grammar of t

22、he English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme. Lets look at Quirks categorization first. According to Quirk et al.(1985), units of grammar may be placed in a hierarchy of potential size or extensibility as follows: HIGHEST UNIT: sen

23、tences, which consist of one or more clauses, which consist of one or more phrases, which consist of one or more words, which consist of one or more LOWEST UNIT: morohemes. By clause, Quirk et al. include the finite clause: a clause whose verb element is finite (such as “takes”, “took”, “can work”,

24、“has worked”, “is writing”, “was written”), the nonfinite clause: a clause whose verb element is nonfinite (such as “to work”, “having worked” and “taken”) and the verbless clause: a clause that does not have a verb element, but is nevertheless capable of being analyzed into clause elements such as

25、“although always helpful” in the sentence: Although always helpful, he was not much liked. And they divide sentences into the simple and the multiple. A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause and a multiple sentence contains one or more clauses as its immediate constituents. Multipl

26、e sentences are either compound or complex. In a compound sentence the immediate constituents are two or more coordinate clauses while in a complex sentence one or more of its elements are realized by a subordinate clause. It must be pointed out that in their classification a sentence with a clause

27、functioning within a phrase (such as “You can borrow the car that belongs to my sister”) is regarded as a simple sentence and that a nonfinite construction (which has a nonfinite verb as its verb element) is considered as a clause. However, in other traditional grammars, the former is usually viewed

28、 as a complex sentence and the latter a phrase. 语法层次（1）词素 不可再分的最小意义单位。粘着词素-ish， -s， -un， -able自由词素：book, store， explain book, store, bookstore; -ish, bookish, -s, booksunexplainable(2) 词 book; do; pretty （3）短语/词组作为词和分句之间的中间层次，词组是按照一定语法规则围绕一个中心词(headheadword)结合起来的一组词，中心词所属词类决定着词组的 性质、类别及其结合方式。所谓“中心词”

29、就是在词组重起支配作用的词，例如名词词组是以名词为中心词，其结合方式受着名词的支配，这种中心词通常要求带有限定词以及修饰成分的其它词项。A. 名词短语（NP）；中心词为名词的短语。 an interesting book; a very interesting book; a book on the table;the book my father bought yesterday；all the college students;his new book on music；the tall boy sitting in the cornerthe authors new novel that

30、 will soon come out B. 动词短语(VP): 动词短语是以主动词为中心词的短语。动词短语可能只包括一个主动词或者主动词带修饰语；也可以由一个或一个以上的助动词加主动词构成。She looks beautiful. John arrived last night.They fully appreciate our problem. We utterly detested him.It is getting dark. She ought to have told him about it.The children might have been playing in the

31、garden.Joan will certainly object and so will Mary.I have rarely reviewed a more dishonest book. He may really have injured innocent people.live in China; live happily; study hardC. 形容词短语(AdjP): very good; quite young; pretty difficult; careful enough；too difficult for that child too hot to be enjoy

32、able； glad to help you repair the car D. 副词短语(AdvP): very early; far away; loudly and clearly; so slowly; very clearly indeed; far from the stationE. 介词短语(PrepP)：on the table; from your friends; by the window; in the classroom; across the river; at school; about him; with my father（4）小句/分句“分句名词词组动词词

33、组”的提法与“分句主语谓语”的提法是一致的：前者是就分句结构形式而言；后者是就分句的表意功能而言(一个词的语法功能指的是这个词在句法结构里所能占据的语法位置)。分句之所以不同于词组在于前者具有述谓性，而后者没有这种特性。正因为如此，所谓分句应该是一种主谓结构，这是分句之所以谓分句的本质特征。分句(clause)=主语(subject)+谓语部分(predicate) 主语=名词短语(NP) 谓语部分=谓语动词(VP)+宾语部分（NP）Clause Subject PredicateNP VP NPThe little girl is happily eating a big apple.分句种

34、类：A.独立分句：不依附于其他结构而独立存在的分句。B. 从属分句：从属于其他结构的分句。He knows everything about it. (独立分句)I dont think he knows everything about it. (从属分句)That hat does not fit; you may try another. (独立分句)If that hat does not fit, try another. (从属分句)Some of your answers were correct, but I do not remember which. (独立分句)I do

35、not remember which of your answers were correct. (从属分句)His new book will soon come out. It is on grammar. (独立分句)His new book that will soon come out is on grammar. (从属分句)C. 简单分句：仅包括一个主谓结构的分句。 上述各句的斜体部分都是简单分句；单独出现的简单分句也就是“简单句”。D. 复杂分句：带有其他主谓结构作为分句成分的分句；一个单独出现的复杂分句也就是“复杂句”。 It is not true. (独立简单分句/简单句

36、)What you said is not true.（独立复杂分句/复杂句）He said that it was not true.（从属简单分句）He complained that what you said was not true.（从属复杂分句）E. 主句和分句 主句是相对于从句而言。“从句”即从属分句，可以直接从属于另一个分句，作为分句成分，也可以从属于一个短语，作为短语的一部分，例如：the book my father bought yesterday中my father bought yesterday是名词短语的修饰语（定语），属于名词短语的一部分。带有从属分句作为自己

37、成分的分句便是主句，充当主句的一个成分的分句便是从句。主句和从句的关系是相对的: 在一个复杂结构中是主句的，在另一个复杂结构中则又可能是从句，例如： He complained that what you said was not true. 从句 主句 从句 主句E. 限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句由于分句被看作为一种主谓结构，一个分句的谓语如果是以限定动词（谓语动词）为中心的动词词组表示，它便是限定分句；如果充当谓语的动词词组中心词是个非限定动词（非谓语动词），这便是非限定分句；如果作为分句谓语的动词词组中心词没有表示出来，而仅保留被省略的动词的连带成分（通常是主语补语），那便是无动词分

38、句，如，I signed the paper to get the license.Renee bought a book to read on the plane.It is forbidden to smoke in this room.Cant you recall telling me that story last week？The man，wearing such dark glasses, obviously could not see clearly.Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.Covered with confusion

39、, they apologized abjectly. （绝望无助，怯懦）The discussion completed, the Chairman adjourned the meeting for an hour.一个主谓结构如果不带任何形式的动词短语作谓语动词便是“无动词分句”。Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned.Confident of the justice of their cause, they agreed to put their case before the arbitration panel.One of the m

40、ost popular tourist sites in Italy, Pompei was viewed by nearly two million visitors last year.Christmas then only days away, the family was pent up with excitement. （5）句子 由一个或一个以上构成的语法单位就是句子。 简单句：只包含一个主谓结构而且各个成分均由短语构成的句子。The students have made better grades in the past few weeks.The boy can stay in

41、 the room only for a few minutes.如果构成分句成分的短语本身带有从属分句，那么这个句子仍然是简单句。The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.但若某个句子成分直接由从属分句表示，那么这种句子便不再是简单句而是复杂句。The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard. The boy can stay in the room so long as he keeps quiet.What h

42、e said is not true.I didnt understand what he meant. 两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。Miss Lindstorm came to the party, but Mr and Mrs Sherman did not.Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the latecomers had to wait outside.一个并列句，如果包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成分，这便是并列复杂句。They watched tel

43、evision and enjoyed themselves immensely, but we couldnt see the program because our television was broken.It would be dark before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Wrinkle.10. 句子成分 句子是表达思想的基本单位，就象家庭是社会的基本单位一样。只有完整的句子才能表达完整的思想。句子由单词组成，但组成时要遵循一定的规律，这就是语法。违反了这些规律，语言即不正确，也就不能正确地表达思想。因此，每句话都牵涉到语法。就英语书面语而言，每句话的第一个字母要大写，句末应有句号，若是问句，末尾应加问号。 汉语也有语法，有些地方与英语是相似的，但在更多地方是不同的，在学习过程中要注意两种语言的异同。实际上，学习英语的过程，也是一个与母语干扰作斗争的过程。 句子总的说来由两部分构成，即主语与谓语部分。主语 谓语部