父母教养方式对儿童人际关系的影响-毕业论文外文翻译.docx

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1、 The influence of parenting styles on childrens interpersonal relationshipsEast China normal university level 2007 high teaching class of applied psychology Huang junAbstractParents parenting styles has been one of the important content of pedagogy, psychology research,because parents are the first

2、teachers of children. Parents parenting styles plays a decisive role on childrens future development, especially the development of interpersonal relationship. This paper will briefly elaborate the classification of family education methods and their impacts on childrens interpersonal relationships.

3、 It will compare different parenting styles through individual cases so as to set up a scientific parenting style in order to better promote childrens growth and development.keywords Parents parenting style;children; Interpersonal relationshipsEducation is not only refers to the school education. It

4、 also includes family education and social education. From the perspective of family education, parents are the abecedarians of children as well as childrens lifelong teachers. Family is the first school for children so the parents upbringing has a subtle influence on the development of childrens ps

5、ychology health, daily behaviors , interpersonal relationships and other aspects. Family upbringing style is a kind of behavioral tendency parents will express in the daily activity of educating and raising their children as well as a comprehensive reflection of their educational concept and behavio

6、r. Due to the importance of family upbringing style, it has been one of the important content of pedagogy and psychology research. .The classification of the family upbringing stylesAs early as the end of the 19th century, Freud had noticed the effects of different rearing patterns. He simplely clas

7、sified the roles of prarents: father is responsible for providing rules and discipline while mother is responsible for providing love and warmth. The earliest researcher on the impacts of parenting styles on children socialization, American psychologist Simon (P.M.S ymonds, 1939) put forward two bas

8、ic dimensions of the parent-child relationship: accept - reject, dominate - obey. Baldwin (A.L.B aldwin, 1955) divided family upbringing styles into two dimensions: emotional warmth -tohostility and attachment - interference. Sears (1957), combining this thought and learning theory together, put for

9、ward two important concepts in the parenting styles: warm and control. Hoffman (Hoffman, 1970) specializes in the influence of punishment on childrens socialization. He divided punishment into mandatory and ”withdraw love”. Compulsory means parents corporal punishment of children, coldly rejection,

10、deprivation and threats, withdraw love refers to the psychological punishment which takes the form of ignoring and isolating children, showing disappointment to children, etc. The most influential research belongs to American psychologist Baum Rind (Baum rind, 1991). Using family and laboratory obse

11、rvation research, he puts forward two dimensions of parents parenting styles: demandingness and responsiveness. Demandingness refers to whether parents had built up standards for childrens behaviors and insisted asking their children to up to those standards. Responsiveness refers to the degree of a

12、ccepting and loving children as well as the sensitivity to the childs needs. According to these two dimensions, parents parenting styles can be divided into four categories: authoritative, authoritarian, spoiling, ignorance types Chinese education Scientists and psychologists doing research on famil

13、y education styles mostly use this classification. The performances of different parenting styles are as follows :(1) Authoritative parents come up with reasonable requirements on their children, enforce a proper limit to their behaviors, set up appropriate goals and insist requiring children to obe

14、y and achieve these goals. At the same time, they showe concern and love for childrens growth, patiently listen to the childs point of view and encourage children to participate in family decisions. In short, the characteristics of this kind of parenting style is rational, strict, democratic, patien

15、t and love.(2) Authoritarian parents is very strict to children, put forward a high standard of behaviors that children have little room for bargaining. If the child appears slightly, parents can take punishment, or other penalties. In essence, this way only takes the needs of the adult into conside

16、ration, but ignore and suppress the children, their own beliefs and independence.(3) Spoiling parents are full of love and expectations to children, but forget the task of children socialization. They seldom put forward any requirements for children or impose any control.(4) Ignorance parents show i

17、ndifferent attitude to childrens growth, they neither put forward any requirements and behavior standard nor show concern for children. They at most provide food and clothing, but do not pay effort to provide them a better life and growth conditions. Parents treated children in this way perhaps beca

18、use their own lives are full of pressure to survive, or suffered a huge setback or misfortune so that family relationship has significant problems. The interpersonal relationships of childrenInterpersonal relationship is a kind of close relationship formed when people respond and influence each othe

19、r through the form of language, thoughts, emotion, etc. A good interpersonal relationship refers to that the individual can hold a caring attitude, take the initiative to care for others, and on the basis of sincere trust, actively listen to the needs of others, and be good at sense motive, empathy

20、with others to interactive communication (CAI Peicun, 2000). Childrens interpersonal relationship can be classified as the following: children and heterosexual relationships, children and homosexual relationships, children and parents relationship, children and teachers, other peers and strangers re

21、lationship, etc. Results analysisColligating four childrens behaviors and the results of previous research, no matter what kind of parents upbringing adopted, as long as it can reflect emotional warmth understanding way, childrens anxiety and depression will decrease. This warm understanding way may

22、 give children more affection experience so that when moveing towards the society they will experience less social loneliness. It is good in the formation of childrens independence, self-confidence and initiative and fasten the integration of society. And it is good for promoting the development of

23、childrens adaptive behavior and the improvement of academic achievement. Conversely, if parents take severe punishment, rejection, especially father denied the upbringing of children, it will cause high sensitive suspicious, unhappy, anxiety, paranoia, hostility and is unable to correctly understand

24、ing themselves. In the process of interaction with others, it will be in the form of lonely, solitary, never care about other people, difficult to adapt to the external environment and so on, to experience much more social loneliness. Excessive interference and protection is easy to make children lo

25、se confidence, lack of successful experience, inferiority, irritability, self denial. Extreme parenting way can hinder childrens normal socialization, to form bad habits and personality. Children with fear, and lack self-confidence often lie to protect themselves. They will become timid ,dishonest,

26、lonely ,forming depressed personality, psychological inferiority, lack of independence and the ability of self judgment, or to another extreme. They have no sense of responsibility, strongly against the will of the parents, forming a cold, brutal, outrageous nonsense and selfish character. In additi

27、on, the consistence of parents upbringing is also the main reason for childrens mental health development. McCord and others., after the study of the status of the childrens juvenile crime, pointed out that no matter what kind of upbringing adopted, as long as parents are consistent, the likelihood

28、of crime of their children would reduce. Thus it can be seen that the consistency of parental rearing patterns also play an important role. The causes of inconsistent parental rearing patterns, on the one hand, may be related to the parents gender role and the different views about raising children.

29、 On the other hand may be associated with different levels of parents involved in their childrens daily life. Education attitude lacks consistency and continuity, parents follow ones inclinations, in his own emotions for transfer, parenting styles are changeful. Another form is that in the family, p

30、arents education attitudes toward their children differ. Family under this parenting way is lack of stability, the domestic childrens emotional instability, prone to fear, anxiety, paranoid and inferiority, prone to have bad behaviors and mental illness. Through specific parenting behaviors and atti

31、tudes, parents convey children with their attitudes toward life, behavior patterns and values, etc. From parents children gain not only scientific and cultural knowledge but more important is that childrens psychological health, personality, social development level are also affected by way of paren

32、ting. ConclusionMany studies related to parenting way have shown that parents parenting styles will affect their childrens socialization, personality , interpersonal relationships, academic and other aspects. Positive upbringing will promote their childrens physical and mental health and the success

33、 of social life in the future. The interaction and emotional communication between children and parents are positive and good. So they will put the positive way to experience and the acquisition of effective communication learned in the family into social activities. This is helpful for the establis

34、hment of their social relationships, and thus they will less experience the loneliness. As parents, they should create a relatively liberal democracy and reflects a certain authority of breeding environment for childre. And parents should agree on parenting style to make children fully experience ne

35、ither indulgent nor excessive requirement. Only if parents take correct and scientific way can they really walk into childrens heart and help them to grow healthily.父母教养方式对儿童人际关系的影响华东师范大学 2007 级高师班应用心理学专业 黄 君摘 要父母教养方式一直是教育学、心理学研究的重要内容之一。因为父母是儿童的第一任教师。父母教养方式对儿童未来的发展特别是人际关系的发展起着举足轻重的作用。该文就从家庭教养方式的分类及其

36、对儿童人际关系的影响上进行了简要的阐述。通过个案比较不同父母教养方式的优劣,从而建立科学的家庭教养方式,以更好地促进儿童的成长与发展。关键词父母教养方式；儿童；人际关系教育不单单指学校教育，还包括家庭教育和社会教育。从家庭教育的角度出发，父母是儿童的启蒙教师，也是孩子的终生教师。家庭是儿童的第一个学校，父母的教养方式对孩子的心理健康、日常行为以及人际交往等方面的发展都有着潜移默化的影响。家庭教养方式是指父母在教育、抚养子女的日常活动中表现出的一种行为倾向，是其教育观念和教育行为的综合体现。由于家庭教养方式的重要性，因此它一直是教育学、心理学研究的重要内容之一。一、家庭教养方式的分类早在 19

37、世纪末，弗洛伊德就注意到了不同养育方式对孩子的影响。他对父母的角色做了简单的划分: 父亲负责提供规则和纪律，母亲负责提供爱与温暖。最早研究父母教养方式对儿童社会化影响的美国心理学家西蒙(P.M.Symonds,1939)提出亲子关系中的两个基本维度:接受拒绝、支配服从。鲍德温(A.L.Baldwin,1955)则将家庭教养方式维度划分为情感温暖敌意和依恋干涉两个维度。Sears(1957) 把这种思想与学习理论相结合，提出了教养方式中的两个重要概念: 温暖和控制。霍夫曼(Hoffman,1970)专门研究惩罚对儿童社会化的影响。他把惩罚分为强制和“爱的收回”两种。强制是指父母对儿童的体罚、冷漠

38、地拒绝、剥夺以及威胁等；“爱的收回”是指心理上的惩罚方式,它表现为父母不理不睬、孤立儿童、对儿童表示失望等。最具影响的是美国心理学家鲍姆令德(Baum rind，1991)的研究。他采用家庭与实验室观察研究，提出了父母教养方式的两个维度：要求（demandingness）和反应性(responsiveness)。要求指的是父母是否对孩子的行为建立适当的标准，并坚持要求孩子去达到这些标准；反应性指的是对孩子接受和爱的程度及对孩子需求的敏感程度。根据这两个维度，可以将父母的教养方式分为四类：权威型、专制型、溺爱型、忽视型四种教养方式。我国教育学家以及心理学家对家庭教养方式的研究多采用这种分法。各教

39、养方式表现如下：（1）权威型的父母对孩子提出合理的要求，对他们的行为做出适当的限制，设立恰当的目标，并坚持要求孩子服从和达到这些目标。同时，他们表现出对孩子成长的关注和爱，会耐心地倾听孩子的观点，并鼓励孩子参与家庭决策。简而言之，这种教养方式的特点是理性、严格、民主、耐心和爱。（2）专制型的父母对孩子的要求很严厉，提出很高的行为标准，孩子很少有讨价还价的余地。如果孩子出现稍许的抵触，父母就会采取体罚或其他惩罚措施。本质上看，这种教养方式只考虑到了成人的需要，而忽视和抑制了孩子自己的想法和独立性。（3）溺爱型的父母对孩子充满了爱与期望，但是却忘记了孩子社会化的任务，他们很少对孩子提出什么要求或施

40、加任何控制。（4）忽视型的父母对孩子的成长表现出漠不关心的态度，他们既不对孩子提出什么要求和行为标准，也不表现出对孩子的关心。他们最多只是提供食品和衣物，而不去付出努力为孩子提供更好的生活和成长条件。父母之所以用这种方式来对待孩子，可能是因为自己的生活中充满了生存压力，或者自己遭遇了重大的挫折或不幸，家庭关系出现了重大问题。二、儿童的人际关系人际关系为人与人之间透过语言、思想、情感等方式与他人产生互动，相互影响，进而形成的一种紧密关系。良好的人际关系则指个人能抱持关爱的态度，主动表达对他人的关怀,45丽水学院2015届学生毕业论文并在真诚信任的基础上，积极倾听他人的需求，且善于察言观色，能以同

41、理心跟他人互动沟通(蔡培村，2000)。儿童人际关系细分起来，大致有以下几种：儿童与异性关系、儿童与同性关系、儿童与父母关系、儿童与老师关系及儿童与陌生人关系等。三、结果分析综合四个小孩的行为表现和以往的研究结果，无论父母采用什么类型的教养方式，只要能体现情感温暖理解的方式，那么子女产生焦虑、抑郁的情况就很少出现。父母的这种温暖理解的方式，会带给子女更多的亲情体验，以后走向社会时也会体验到更少的社会孤独感。有利于儿童独立性、自信心与能动性的养成，能够更快的和社会相融合。而且能够很好的促进儿童的适应行为的发展和学业成绩的提高。反之，如果父母尤其是父亲采取严厉惩罚、拒绝否认的教养方式会使子女产生敏

42、感多疑、失落寡欢、高焦虑、偏执、敌对以及不能正确的认识自我的情绪体验。在与他人交往的过程中表现为孤僻、独来独往，不关心他人，难以适应外部环境等，体验到更多的社交孤独感。过分干涉和保护则易使儿童丧失自信、缺乏成功的体验、自卑易怒，产生自我否定。极端化教养方式会阻碍儿童正常社会化，使其形成不良习惯与人格。具有恐惧心理，缺乏自信心的儿童往往通过说谎来保护自己，他们就会变的怯弱、不诚实、孤独、性格压抑、心理自卑、缺乏独立和自我判断的能力，或是走向另一极端。他们无责任感，强烈反抗父母的意志，形成冷酷、残暴、蛮横胡闹、自私自利的个性。另外，父母教养方式是否一致，也是儿童心理健康发展的重要原因。McCord

43、 等人在对儿童青少年犯罪的状况进行研究后指出，不管何种抚养方式，只要父母一致，子女犯罪的可能性就会减少。可见，父母抚养方式的一致性也起着重要的作用。造成父母抚养方式不一致的原因，一方面可能与父母的性别角色和对抚养子女的不同看法有关；另一方面可能与父母参与子女日常生活的程度不同有关。教育态度缺乏一致性和连续性，父母随心所欲，以自己的情绪为转移，教养方式多变。还有一种表现形式是家庭中父母双方对子女的教育态度不一致。这种教养方式下的家庭内部缺乏稳定感，子女情绪不稳定，容易出现恐惧、焦虑、多疑和自卑，容易产生不良行为和心理疾病。父母通过具体的教养行为及态度，向儿童传达父母对生活的态度、行为模式和价值观

44、念等。儿童从父母那里获得的不仅仅是科学文化知识，更重要的是儿童的心理健康、个性、社会化的发展水平也受父母教养方式的影响。四、结论关于教养方式的许多研究都表明父母的教养方式会影响到子女社会化、人格形成及人际关系、学业等方方面面。积极良好的教养方式会对子女的身心健康及将来社会生活的成功起到很大的促进。子女和父母的互动和情感交流是积极的、良好的。那么他们会把在家庭中获得的这种积极体验和习得的有效交往方式带到社会交往中。这有利于他们社会人际关系的建立，从而更少体验到孤独。作为父母应该为子女创造一个相对宽松民主又体现一定权威的教养氛围。并且父母在对子女教养方式上应取得一致，使儿童充分体验到家长对自己既不放纵又不过分要求。父母采取正确的、科学的教养方式，用理性的态度和子女交流，才可能真正走进孩子的心理，帮助他们健康成长。47