英语资料汇集.doc
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1、put短语和“get”一样,“put”在英语惯用语中的生命力很强,值得“学而时习之”的短语不少。 1 put in an appearance:露脸 “As is often the case, the director will put in an appearance in every office and then leave.” 2 put. in the picture:把近况告诉 “What new machines have been acquired? The manager wants the purchasing officer to put him in the pict
2、ure.” 3 put. in the shade:使逊色 “The three winning essays have put all the others in the shade.” 4 put. on the map:让出名 “Some popular new products put the manufacturers on the map.” 5 put. off the scent:误导 “The suspect managed to put the police off the scent by directing them to a wrong place.” 6 put o
3、n airs:摆架子 “I avoid talking to those who are arrogant and putting on airs too much.” 7 put. on his guard:劝当心 “Rumours that the company will lay off staff put some on the guard.” 8 put. on a pedestal:把当偶像崇拜 “Many students put their knowledgeable teachers on a pedestal by accepting their ideas without
4、 question.” 9 put out feelers:放出触角 “The two political parties seem to be interested in a compromise, so they have started putting out feelers.” 10 put a spoke in someones wheel:妨碍某人的计划 “The research grant has been approved and should come to us soon unless someone puts a spoke in our wheel.” 11 put
5、ones money on.:对有把握 “The ruling party will win the general election again. I can put my money on it.” 12 put paid to.:结束;毁掉 “A sudden serious illness put paid to Michaels chances of taking part in the long-distance race.” 13 put the lid on.:禁止 “There have been reports about information insecurity. T
6、he police are determined to do something to put the lid on any further leakage of confidential news.” 14 put ones thinking cap on.:动脑筋想 “This is a thorny issue, which requires your putting your thinking cap on.” 15 put one through ones paces:考验某人的本领 “The purpose of having a series of seminars is to
7、put the participants through their paces.” 16 put. through the mill:使经历磨练 “At the interview, the interviewers asked difficult questions with a view to putting every interviewee through the mill.” 17 put someones name forward:正式提某人的名 “Many members put Joes name forward to serve on the Town Council.”
8、18 put it down to experience:从经验中学习 “Everyone has a bitter taste of failure; never mind! Put it down to experiene.” 19 put. behind.:尝试把忘掉 “Our national team should put last nights defeat behind it and concentrate on the coming match.” 20 to put it bluntly:不客气地说 “To put it bluntly, the man you recomm
9、ended is just not good enough for the job.” 英语外来语名词的复数 英语中有不少外来语名词,主要来自拉丁语和希腊语。这些外来语名词随着时间的变化,不少已“同化”为英语,其复数的变化已英语名词化。有些名词存在两种不同的复数形式,着两种形式在意义上有的有些区别,有的意义相同。但仍然有相当一些外来语名词复数变化与英语名词不同,这主要是一些科技名词。总结起来,大体有以下几种情况:1.来自拉丁语的名词通常有以下四种情况:1)以“-us”结尾,变复数时,将“-us”变为“-i”。例如:nucleusnuclei(核,核子),focusfoci(焦距),fungus
10、fungi(菌类),alumnusalumni(男校友)等。2)以“-um”结尾,变复数时,将“-um”变为“-a”。例如:datumdata(资料、数据),stratumstrata(阶层),memorandummemoranda(备忘录),ovumova(卵、卵子)等。3)以“-a”结尾,变复数时在词尾加“-e”。例如formulaformulae(公式),cicadacicadae(蝉),alumnaalumnae(女毕业生),amoebaamobae(变形虫)。4)以“-x”结尾,变复数时“-x”通常变为“-ces”。例如:indexindeces(索引),appendixappend
11、ices(附录),prosecutrixprosecutrices(女检察官、女起诉人),codexcodeces(法典),matrixmatrices(母体组织,矩阵)以上来自拉丁语的四种名词,基本仍按拉丁语原来格法变为复数。2.来自希腊语的名词大体有三种情况:1)以“-is”结尾,变复数时,将“-is”变为“-es”。例如:crisiscrises(危机),analysisanalyses(分析),axisaxes(轴),parenthesisparentheses(括号)2)以“-on”结尾,变复数时,将“-on”变为“-a”。例如:phenomenonphenomena(现象),ent
12、ozoonentozoa(体内寄生虫),criterioncriteria(标准),decahedrondecahedra(十面体), automatonautomata(自动装置)等。3)以“-ma”结尾,变复数时在词尾加“-ta”。例如:stigmastigmata(特征),carcinomacarcinomata(癌),phantasmaphantasmata(幻觉)等。 此外,有些来自法语的名词,变为复数时,要按法语原来的变化规则,例如:plateauplateaux(高原)。bureaubureaux(办公处),adieuadieux(再会),chamoischamois单,复数同(
13、小羚羊),corpscorps单、复同(军团) 比较be going to与will问:be going to与will两者都可表示将要发生的事、将要去做某事,请问该怎么区分它们?答: be going to 与 will 有如下几点区别: 1. be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情,will 表示的将来时间则较远一些,如: He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day.2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will表示客观上将来势必发生的 事情。 He is
14、seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old.3. be going to 含有“计划,准备”的意思,而 will 则没有这个意思,如: She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour.4.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如: If any beasts comes at you, Ill stay with you and help you.掌握了它们的这些不同,你就能很好的区分be g
15、oing to与will了。 从hand in hand谈起1988年奥运会之歌是大家十分喜爱的一首歌,本文拟从歌中反复唱到的hand in hand(手拉手)这一搭配作一点语法分析,说明其用法,并作必要的引申。首先让我们看一下这个搭配的构成。从词性看即为:名词十介词十名词前后两个名词相同,都为单数,名词前无修饰语,介词位于两个名词中间。这类结构中的名词可以根据语义意图加以掉换,并非一成不变,其间的介词除in外还可用after,by,on,to等,简介如下:1名词in名词这类结构表示手拉手、手挽手的含义,在句中作状语。例如:They walked away hand in hand他们携手离去
16、。They walked arm in arm on their way to the fine shops or theatres.她们手挽着手到那些漂亮的商店和剧院去。hand in hand也可作比喻性用法:Theory must go hand in hand with practice.理论必须和实践相结合。War and misery go hand in hand战争和苦难永不分开。2名词after名词这类结构表示紧挨着。一个接一个、相继的含义,在句中能作主语、宾语、状语。介词宾语等成分。例如:Day after day passed and she heard nothing
17、at all一天天过去了,可是她什么消息也没有听到。They visited house after house. They went over them thoroughly.他们看了一幢又一幢房子,对它们作了彻底的检查。So they set off, Sunday after Sunday, like any young married couple visiting the in laws像所有的年轻夫妻一样,他们一个星期天接着一个星期天地出门去拜访姻亲。He walked on for block after block without raising his head他头也不抬地一
18、个街区接一个街区地朝前走。3名词by名词这类结构表示逐个地、并排地、逐渐的含义,在句中作状语。例如:Day by day she grew stronger.她长得一天比一天强壮。Andy became rich little by little.安迪逐渐富裕起来。The couple walked side by side on the pavement这一对儿肩并肩地走在人行道上。The doctor visited the village house by house. 医生一家一家地在村子里上门治病。We must learn things step by step 我们学习东西必须一
19、步一步地来。4名词on名词这类结构表示一个接一个的含义,比较少见,在句中作宾语。例如:They bore insult on insult. 他们忍受了一次又一次的侮辱。He suffered loss on loss. 他遭受了一次又一次的损失。5名词to名词这类结构表示接近含义,在句中作状语。例如:They stood eyeball to eyeball.他眼瞪眼地站着。Jack and Mary were dancing cheek to cheek杰克和玛丽脸贴着脸在跳舞。They talked man to man.他们坦率地交谈There was a brief departur
20、e ceremony, televised live coast to coast, on the south Lawn at the White House.在白宫南草坪上举行了简短的告别仪式,这仪式的实况由电视向全国转播。这类结构也可用于某些成语:Im sorry I cant see eye to eye with you. 很抱歉,我和你的看法不同。也可构成复合形容词:My father had a heart-to-heart talk with me.我父亲和我诚恳地交谈。I want to make a person-to-person long distance call.我要
21、打一个长途叫人电话。以上这些“名词十介词十名词”的结构在句中充当成分时一般都是单独使用的,即其前或其后都没有附加词语,只有在极少数情况下其后可有修饰语。例如:There was no answer but peal after peal of laughter.什么回答也没有,只有一阵接一阵的狂笑。这是因为a peal of laughter中的a peal of是一种表示行为的单位词,单说peal after peal不构成完整的意思。这与表示 加在上 的upon的用法有点相似。试比较:Thousands upon thousands of people attended his funer
22、al.成千上万的人参加了他的葬礼。最后还要提一下from.to的用法问题。我们知道,当from表示次序、地位、价格、年龄、数字、重量等的起点时可以和to连用,表示起讫。例如:Its a good film from beginning to end这是部好电影,从头至尾都不错。They reduced him in rank from a sergeant to a corporal. 他们把他从中士降为下士。They raised the price of a one way lift ticket from $24 to $26.他们把缆车单程票价从24美元涨到26美元。There wer
23、e from ten to fifteen boys absent 有10到15个男孩子缺席。也可用于状态的变化。例如:Things are going from bad to worse.事情愈来愈糟了。有趣的是,from也能与上述名词to名词的结构连用,表示从到的意思,在句中作状语。例如:The salesman traveled from city to city 售货员从一个城市旅行到另一个城市推销商品。The paper was passed from hand to hand 文件从一人手里传到另一人手里。They trailed from room to room and I f
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