英语语法：倒装句.doc

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1、一般来说，倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。有的倒装是因为语法需要而出现的，有的倒装则是因为结构平衡的需要而出现的。主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）；主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）1.完全倒装（Full Inversion）：又称全部倒装,是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前。谓语+主语+2.部分倒装（Partial Inversion）（又称半倒装句）：指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动

2、词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。一、全部倒装 1以here， there， now， then开头的句子,谓语动词要放在句子的主语之前。这种句子中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如： Here comes the train！ There goes the bell！ 注意：如果句子的主语是人称代词，则不能使用倒装结构。如： Here it comes！ There it goes！ 2有些动词短语以副词out，in，up，down，away等结尾，构成不及物动词短语。这时，为了使句子更形象，常将这些副词提前到句首。这时，句中的谓语动词要放在句子主语的前面

3、，构成全部倒装。（注意，这时句子的主语也必须是名词。如果是人称代词，也不能使用倒装结构。）如： Up went the rocket Up it went 3为了强调表示地点的介词短语，常将这个介词短语放在句首，构成全部倒装。注意，这时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如： In the front of the lecture hall sat the speaker 4表语置于句首，且主语较长或结构较复杂的句子要用全部倒装。如： Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat 5soneithernor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为“s

4、oneithernor助动词系动词情态动词主语”（so表示肯定意义，neithernor表示否定意义）。如： She has finished her homework，so has her brother She hasnt gone there， neithernor has he 但如果so表示强调， 即强调前面所说的情况的真实性时， 其结构是“so主语助动词系动词情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如： She knows little English，so she does 她英语懂得不多。她的确如此。 二部分倒装 1用于疑问句中。如： How did you

5、do that？ Did you see the film yesterday？ 2用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如果我们将连词if省略，应把were， had， should提到主语前面。如： If you had come yesterday， you would have seen him Had you come yesterday， you would have seen him 3用于as引导的让步状语从句中。as引导的让步状语从句引起的倒装有以下几种形式： 1) 副词置于句首。如： Much as I like it (Although I like it very much

6、), I will not buy it 2) 动词原形置于句首。如 Wait as you may(Although you may wait), he will not see you 3) 形容词或名词置于句首。如： Proud as the nobles are (Although the nobles are proud), they are afraid to see me Child as he is (Although he is a child), he can tell right from wrong 注意：如果名词前有形容词修饰时，as 引导的倒装句中要保留不定冠词。如

7、： A bad-tempered man as he is (Although he is a bad-tempered man), he loves me deeply 4具有否定意义的副词或连词(not，hardly，no sooner, not until, seldom，not once，at no time，never，little等) 置于句首时， 句子（主句）采用部分倒装。如： Little do we know about him No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep Seldom does he come b

8、ack on Sundays Not until he came back did I know about it 5only修饰句子的状语（从句）位于句首时，句子（主句）要用部分倒装。如： Only then did I realize the importance of English Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents intentions 但如果only修饰的是句子的其它成分，则无需倒装。如： Only socialism can save China (only修饰的是句子的主语，故仍用正常语序。) 6n

9、ot onlybut also 连接两个并列分句时，第一个分句应使用部分倒装。如： Not only does he do well in his lessons, but also he often helps others with their lessons 7sothat结构中的倒装。有时要强调so所修饰的形容词或副词，常将so 连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提到句首。这时，主句要用倒装结构。如： He runs so fast that he is far ahead of others So fast does he run that he is far ahead of othe

10、rs He is so clever that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book So clever is he that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book （全部倒装） 倒装分两种：配合语法条例的倒装，叫“grammatical inversion”；配合强调语势的叫“emphatic inversion”。 语法上的倒装句是强制性的，包括下列 7 种： 疑问句，如： Can you do it? How old are you? When

11、did you know him? Why did you elect him as captain? Which of these apples do you prefer? 但疑问代词做主语时，不必倒置，如： Who is your English teacher? What happened last night? 表示“愿望”的句子，如： May God bless you. Long live the king! “There”引导的句子，如： There are many cars on the road. There stand some big trees near the r

12、iver. There is a security guard outside the bank. 感叹句，如： How beautiful the flower is! What a smart boy you are! 有连接词“so, neither, nor”的句子，如： Tom can ride a bicycle; so can I. She cant sing; neither can he. John has never been late; nor have I. 省略连词“if”的条件副词分句，如： Were I you, I would not do such a thi

13、ng. Should the machine break down again, send it back to us. Had you worked harder, you would have passed. “as, however”连接的让步副词分句，如： Small as the pen is, it is a powerful weapon. However busy you are, you should spend some time reading Zaobao weekly. 谈过了语法上的倒装句，现在谈强调的倒装句。 Never have I seen such a wi

14、cked man. On no account must this employee be removed. Not until he told me had I heard anything of it. No sooner had I left than the rain came. Up jumped the puppy. In came John. Down fell the rotten branches from the tree. Out came a woman and her maid.英语句子的倒装的作用一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前

15、一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异 一、 表示强调:倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句

16、首,句子用部分倒装。eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。3. so / such.that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。二、 承上启下有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的

17、作用。eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。四、 平衡结构英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持

18、句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。eg. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。eg. Such wou

19、ld be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。eg. Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。五、 使描写生动有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。eg. Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。