英语语法精讲精练.doc

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1、第一部分：词法名词 （n.）名词的分类名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是指某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，注意这类词的中心词的第一个字母要大写。常见的专有名词有：国家名称China, Japan, England, Cuba, Australia, Brazil, France；语言Chinese, Japanese, English, French；人名/地名 Zhou Enlai, Jim, New York, Shanghai由普通名词构成的专有名词the Great Wall, the Summer Palace,

2、 the Palace of Museum; the Peoples Hospital。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：（1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：pen, student, desk, book, bike。（2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family, class, people, school。（3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air, water, paper。（4）抽

3、象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work, time, news。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示:类别 用法 例词普通名词,可数名词,个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体 Pen, student, desk 集体名词 表示若干个个体组成的集合体 School, family, class 不可数名词,物质名词 表示无法分为个体的实物 Tea, water, paper

4、抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Work, time, news 专有名词 某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称 Marx, Shanghai,The Great Wall类别用法例词普通名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体Pen, student, desk集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体School, family, class不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物Tea, water, paper抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Work, time, news专有名词某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称Marx, Shanghai, china, T

5、he Great Wall, Party有些名词在一种场合下属于这一类，在另一种场合下又属于那一类。例如有些物质名词也可用作个体名词，意思上有一定变化：glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯 iron铁an iron熨斗copper铜a copper铜币 tin锡a tin洋铁罐paper纸a paper报纸，证件 wood木头a wood树林又如一些抽象名词，当意思转变而表示某类个体时，就成了个体名词：youth青春a youth青年人 relation关系a relation亲属democracy民主a democracy民主国家 authority权威an authority权威人士powe

6、r威力，电力a power大国 necessity必要性a necessity必需品beauty美a beauty每人，美的东西名词的格格是名词的语法范畴之一。它是名词和代词的一种变化形式，在句中表示与其它词的关系。在英语中有些名词可以加“s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。它有两种不同的形式： 在名词尾加s 和of+名词结构。下面我们来具体看看，名词所有格的使用情况。一、在名词尾加s1、单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。2、若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只

7、加 ，如：the workers struggle工人的斗争，The teachers reading-room教员阅览室3、名词的所有格形式主要用于人、国家或动物等有生命的东西：Lucys hat, the cats tail, students association4、表示时间： a weeks holiday一周的休假 todays paper今天的报纸 tomorrows weather明天的天气 in two years time两年的时间之内 ten minutes break十分钟休息 two hours delay两小时的耽搁5、表示由人组成的集体名词：delegations

8、 visit代表团的访问nations youngsters我国的青少年governments policy政府的政策companys directors公司的董事6、表示国家、城市等地方的名词：Countrys plans国家的计划earths surface地球表面provinces population全省人口7、表示汽车、船舶，机械及其部件的所属关系： the ships bell船上的钟 the yachts mast游艇的桅杆the cars engine汽车的发动机the machines design机器的设计8、一些特定的名词用其所有格形式时，可省去后面的名词。 athe b

9、akersbutcherschemistsflorists的意思是面包师屠夫药剂师花匠的店铺。同样，athe house agentstravelagents是房产经纪公司旅行社的意思，而the dentistsdoctorsvets是牙科诊所医生诊所兽医诊所的意思。有时人名也可以这样用，以表示某某人的家： We had lunch at Bills我们在比尔家吃了午饭。 We met at Anns我们是在安家里遇见的。二、of+名词结构，表示所属关系： 1. 当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰时用of+名词结构： The boys ran about，obeying the directi

10、ons of a man with a whistle 男孩子们按带哨子的男人的指示四处奔跑。 I took the advice of a couple I met on the train and hired a car 我听从了在火车上遇见的一对夫妇的建议，租了一辆小汽车。2、一般来说，无生命的拥有者要用of+名词结构表示： the walls of the town城市的城墙 the roof of the church教堂的屋顶 the keys of the car小汽车的钥匙三、如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。例如：Johns and Mar

11、ys rooms（两间）John and Marys room（一间） 名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。这和汉语不同，比如，在汉语中，我们说一个苹果，那就是一个苹果，没什么特殊变化。你要说三个苹果，只需把“一”换成“三”就可以了。而在英语中，一个苹果是one apple，三个苹果是 three apples，不仅数量词变化了，名词也有相应的变化。下面我们就将名词变复数的规则分为规则变化和不规则变化。第一部分：规则变化情况构成法读音例词一般情况（包括以e结尾的名词）加-s在清辅音ptk f后读s在浊辅音和元音后读z在辅音szdz后读iz口诀：清清浊浊元浊Cups, cats, cakes,

12、 roofs, flags, keys, faces以s, x, ch, sh结尾加-es在sz t 后读izClasses, boxes, watches, brushes 以辅音+y结尾变y为i加es读zCities, countries, 以元音+y结尾加-s读zBoys, rays, days 以o 结尾加-es读zHeroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes加-s读zBamboos, radios, zoos, photos, pianos以f, fe结尾变f, fe为v，再加-es读vzLeaf-leaves Life-livesWife-wives Th

13、ief-thieves加-s读sRoofs, proofs, chiefs, beliefs, gulfs第二部分：不规则变化我们经常会看到有些名词变复数时并没有遵循上述规则。这就是名词的不规则变化。还有一些名词，单复数是同一个形式的。不过，我们还是可以通过一些比较，发现其中的一些奥妙。以下我将为大家讲讲名词的不规则变化。一、有些名词中保存了英语中古旧的复数形式，如：man-men woman-womentooth-teeth foot-feetchild-children goose-geesemouse-mice ox-oxen二、有些是外来词，仍保有原来的复数形式，如：Phenomeno

14、n-phenomena（现象）Formula-formulae（公式）Thesis-theses（论文）Basis-bases（基础）Analysis-analyses（分析）Criterion-criteria（标准）Crisis-crises（危机）Appendix-appendices（附录） 三、部分单词的复数形式不变。例：fishfish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; salmonsalmon, meansmeans四、compound nouns，这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示例：daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-l

15、aw 媳妇; father-in-lawfathers-in-law岳父man-of-warmen-of-war兵舰; maid-servantmaid-servantsstep-sonstep-sons晚子; son-in-lawsons-in-law.但是，也有些合成名词，特别是由man和woman构成的合成名词，里面所含的成分，全都要变为复数，如：Man-servantmen-servants，woman doctorwomen doctors等五、有些名词经常是带着-s词尾的，但通常都作单数看待，如： Phonetics（语音学），physics（物理学），optics（光学），pol

16、itics（政治），news（新闻）等。六、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多例：bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀，trousers长裤，wages工资，belongings所有物， surroundings环境，savings储蓄，findings调查结果，arms武器，clothes衣服，stairs楼梯，等七、另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，例：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼，papers文件，证件，greens青菜，manners礼

17、貌，ruins废墟，troops军队，looks外貌，times时代，等第三部分：不可数名词的计量方法（1）一般用“数字+of+计量单位+名词”表示，（注意：当数字大于一时，表示计量单位的名词可以有复数形式）。如：a piece of news 一则新闻 a piece of meat 一块肉 a glass of wine一杯酒 two bowls of rice 两碗米 a sum of money 一笔钱 five bags of flour 一袋面粉 a drop of water 一滴水 three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶 two pieces of advice

18、两条建议（2）用much/some/ a little/ little/ a lot of/ plenty of+不可数名词名词1、-What would you like to drink, _ or orange? -Orange, please. (2004年佛山市中考试题) A. hamburger B. chip C. tea 2、When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news 3、In England, if _ is in the middle of the day

19、, the evening meal is called supper. A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner 4、Whats your _ for being late again? A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news 5、Where are the students? Are they in _ ? A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room6、The teacher said we needed to choose three for the sch

20、ool concert. （2006 重庆） A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers7、What class are you in, Mike? Im in .A. Grade Three, Class Two B. Class Two, Grade ThreeC. class two, grade three D. grade three, class two8、Dont make so much .The baby is sleeping. A. things B. mistakes C. voice D. noise 9、All the f

21、oot of the hill you could hear nothing but the _of the running water. A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound 10、Lao She is the _ of Tea House. A. doctor B. actor C. scientist D. writer 11、He told me _ would come to his birthday party.A. many Jack friends C. many Jacks friendB. Jacks many friends D. man

22、y friends of Jacks12、I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner.A. barber B. barbers C. barbers D. barbers 13、Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _.A. Peter and Helens C. Peter and HelenB. Peter and Helens D. Peters and Helens14、_ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the s

23、uns energy.A. The earths surface C. The surface of earthB. The surface earth D. The earth surface 15、Numerous materials are available to _.A. today of designers C. todays of designersB. todays designers D. today designers16、Why did you speak to Peter that way? Dont you know he is an old friend of _?

24、A. my brother B. my brothers C. my brothers D. my brothers friend17、_ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.A. This Johns old friend C. Thats Jahns old friendB. This old friend of John D. This old friend of Johns 18、_ is too much for a little boy to carry.A.A bikes weight

25、 C. The weight of a bikeB.The weights of a bike D. Biles weight19、It is over _ from Shijiazhuang to Beijing. A. three hours drive B. three hours drive C. three hours drives D. three hours drive20、Hows Joys skirt? Her skirt is more beautiful than _. A. her sisters and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. h

26、er sister and Kates D. her sisters and Kates 21、Nobody thought it easy to finish so much work in _.A. two daystime B. two-days time C. two days time D. two days time22、When we saw the film Hero, I sat between Ted and Ben. That is to say my seat was between _. A. Ted and Bed B. Teds and Ben C. Ted an

27、d Bens D. Teds and Bens23、Two bags are on the table. They are_ .A. the twins B. the twins C. twins D. twins24、The crocodile said: “You must get me two _ hearts.”A. monkeys B. monkeys C. monkeies D. monkeyss25、The cinema is not far. Its about _ walk. A. ten minutes B. ten minutess C. ten minutes D. t

28、en minute26、Jim won the_ race. He ran fastest of all.A. boys 100-metre B. boys 100metres C. boys 100-metre D. boys 100metres27、Mr. Green is a friend of _.A. Marys mothers B .Marys mother C. Mary mothers D. mothers of Mary28、Lucy and Lilys_.A . mother are doctors B. mothers are doctors C. mother is a

29、 doctor D. mothers are doctor29、Are they going to have a party on _?A. Childrens Day B. Childrens Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day30、What delicious food! Why not call _to enjoy it with us?A. Greens B. Greens C. the Greens D. the Greens.31、 All the people at the conference are _.A. mathematic tea

30、chers C. mathematics teacherB. mathematics teachers D. mathematics teachers 32、All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.A. women doctors C. woman doctorsB. women doctor D. woman doctor 33、-Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes, there are some.A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep 34、- They are thir

31、sty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters 35、Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear 36、There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears 37

32、、The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths 38、We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe 39、Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave 40、He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some ad

33、vices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice 41、Please pass me _. A. two glass of water B. two glasses of waters C. two glasses of water D. two glass water 42、There are a lot of _ down there but hardly any _.A. sheeps, people B.sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples 43、This table is mad

34、e of _.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass 44、_ can get a better view of the game than the participants.A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons 45、Some _ are flying kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs 46、Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us.A. some good

35、pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news 47、Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in that accident.A. person; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life 48、In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.A. much B. lot

36、s of C. a great deal of D. many 49、The police investigated those _ about the accident.A. stander-by C. standers-byB. stander-bys D. standers-bys 50、Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday.A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of 名词答案：1-10 CCBCBDBDDD 11-2

37、0DCAACCDCAD 21-30BDADACACCC 31-40CADBBBCCBB 41-50CBDBCBBABC动词精选答案及部分解析1. D lying是lie的现在分词，在句中作后置定语。2. C “It is worth doing”是固定结构，意思是“干 是值得的”。3. A A项表示继续做与原来不同的事，B和C均表示继续做与原来相同的事。4. B 句中的have是使役动词，故”have sth. done”是常用结构，意思是“让别人去干某事”，或“某人让别人去干”。59 BDACB10. A 分词短语作定语时，应放在被修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句：Most of the a

38、rtists who were invited to the party were from South Africa.1112 CD13. A 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。该分词的逻辑主语是the trees，与动词give含有动宾关系，因而用过去分词given表示被动，Give more attention这个条件状语相当于状语从句If they had been given more attention。14. A making是现在分词用作状语，表示伴随情况或做补充说明。B和C属语法错误。D项是不定式，可作目的状语，但目的状语前通常不能用逗号。15. C 本题考查

39、分词作定语的用法。The Olympic Games与play之间是被动关系，所以应首先排除A和D。而B项是不定式的被动形式，表示将来的动作，故也应排除。此句可理解为：The Olympic Games, which was first played in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.1619 DBCB20. A 需要重复不定式的内容时，要把to后面的动词及其宾语省略掉。又如：Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to.动词 (v.)动词的分类在本讲中，我们将要

40、从三个方面了解一下动词的分类。第一方面：按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类。见下表:类别特点意义举例实义动词 (vt. vi.)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思I have a book.不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语She always comes late.系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思I am a student.助动词(aux. v.)跟动词原形或分词（无词汇意义）不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态He doesnt speak Chinese.I am watching TV.情态动词 (mod. v.)

41、跟动词原形（有自己的词汇意思）不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化We can do it by ourselves.That would be better.第二方面：短语动词，短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下。构成方式举例动词+介词Look at, look after动词+副词Give up, put into动词+副词+介词Catch up with, look down upon动词+名词+介词Take care of, pay attention to Be+形容词+介词Be proud of, be afraid of 复

42、杂结构Make up ones mind, wind ones way 第三方面：按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。1、谓语动词 形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第一人称数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者We study English.主动The road was filled with rubbish. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等He has flown to America. 事实