翻译理论与实践第3讲模板ppt课件.ppt

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1、第第4讲讲 英汉词语对比英汉词语对比 & 选字措辞法选字措辞法 4.1 英汉词语对比 No brick, no construction; no word, no composition.Peter Newmark: the largest quantity of translation in a text is done at the level of the word. 4.1.1 从语法角度1. 词的形态词的形态 2. 词类词类 3. 词序词序 4. 语势语势1. 词的形态综合性语言（synthetic language）： 主要通过本身的形态变化来表达语法意义，词语有丰富的曲折变化形式

2、（inflection）分析性语言（analytic language） 语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表达。民犹是也，国犹是也，何分南北；总而言之，统而言之，不是东西。They told me that Professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter.他们告诉我到今年冬天时刘教授在这里教书要满20年了。Oxford is much smaller in numbers, for example, than the State University of

3、Minnesota, and is much poorer. It has or had fewer students than the University of Toronto.牛津大学在校学生数比明尼苏达州立大学要少多了，也穷多了。牛津大学在校学生数无论现在还是过去都比多伦多大学少。2. 词类 英语中有冠词，而汉语中有量词和语气词英语中有冠词，而汉语中有量词和语气词。The earth is bigger than the moon.地球比月亮大。Dont cry. Im just making fun of you.不要哭啊！我只不过是同你开玩笑呢。3. 词序 英汉句子中主要成分如主语

4、、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本一致，但各种定语和状语的次序在英汉语中变化较多。定语的位置： 英语中单个的形容词、名词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词前，汉语中定语的位置也大体如此，但英语中也有后置的。 a research-oriented hospital 一所以搞科研为重点的医院Something important 重要的事情 如果英语名词前的定语过多，译文则不宜完全前置： a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar 一个要饭的，身体矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸短髭。英语短语作定语一般放在名词之后，汉语里则放在被修饰的名词之前. A

5、 building project of high-rise aparment house. 一个多层公寓大楼的建筑项目。 A candidate with great chance of success一个当选希望极大的候选人4. 语势差异Water works for weight loss.经常饮水有利于减肥。The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.不屑于干自己工作的人，终会有一天发现自己不配干那份工作。4.2.2 从词义角度 Words do not have meanings;

6、 people have meanings for words.goose: 概念意义: 鹅 内涵意义：愚蠢 as silly as a goose 笨得像鹅 ？ 笨得像头猪 ？ 太笨了 ？ 英汉词语的词义对应情况大致可以归纳为以下三种1. 一一对应关系 （one for one equivalent)2. 一对多关系 (one for multiple equivalents)3. 零对应关系 (no equivalent)1. 一一对应关系 这类英汉词语多为专有名词、术语或普通名词，其数量极为有限。helicopter 直升飞机CIA 中央情报局intellectual property

7、rights 知识产权社会主义市场经济socialist market economy假朋友（false friend) / 假一一对应关系 是指两种语言中形式相同或非常相似，但意义不同的词。 sour milk酸奶？变质发酸的牛奶 (酸奶：yoghurt)eat ones words食言？承认自己说错话(食言：go back on ones words)方便面 convenient noodles ?instant noodles?月季花rose?Chinese rose?from China to Peru 天涯海角French leave不辞而别Dutch treat各自付费的聚餐Cas

8、tle in Spain空中楼阁，白日梦greens青菜2. 一对多关系one word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆 one word with multiple equivalents of different meanings:marry ： 娶，嫁sister： 姐，妹president： 总统，总裁，主席，董事长，院长，会长 book 在汉语中最直接的对应是“书“但book 不能总是译为“书”： a book of matches a book-keeper cook

9、the books “书”也不能总是译为book: 结婚证书 说书 挑战书 说明书 一盒火柴 记账员 作假账 marriage lines storytelling a letter of challengeinstruction3. 零对应关系 由于文化差异，英语有些词语所表达的意义在汉语中尚无确切的对应词来表达。它们主要是一些具有文化含义的词语，翻译时多用音译，加注或释义。eggathon 吃煮鸡蛋的竞赛 （解释）hacker 黑客 （音译）clock-watcher 老是看钟等下班的人prey 被捕食的动物功夫 Kong Fu (音译)饺子 dumpling jiaozi (音译） 阴

10、yin (in chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world (音译加注)4.2 选字措辞法(diction) 所谓选字措辞法就是翻译时，在准确理解原文的基础上，选择恰当的词进行表达的一种方法。4.2.1 选择词义选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手：1. 依据构词法确定词义(from the form) 英语词汇构成有多种方式，在很多情况下，我们可以根据词的前缀、后缀、词根、词干来 辨析词义。 miniultrasonicprober mini (微型的) + ultra (超) + son

11、ic (声音的) + prober (探测器)即：微型超声波探测器macrospacetransship macro (巨型的) + space (天空) + trans (转运) + ship (船)即：巨型空间转运飞船。2. 从词性确定词义 (from the part of speech)一般来说，一个英语单词往往具有几种词性，但它们之间的意义会有区别。 He is not down yet. 他还没有下楼呢。（形容词作表语）Shell come down and see you. 她就会下楼来见你。（副词作状语）He walked down the street. 他沿街走去.（介词）

12、They downed three enemys planes. 他们击落了三架敌机。（动词作谓语）Well share ups and downs with you. 我们将和你同甘共苦风雨同舟。（名词作宾语）He saw a man sawing trees with a saw.他看见一个人正用锯子锯树。Eat what you can and can what you cannot.能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐头。你读过多少书？ How many books have you read? 振笔直书。 Take up the pen and write vigorously. 3. 依据

13、上下文语境或词语搭配确定词义 (from collocation & context)J. R. Firth: Each word when used in a new context is a new word. heavy rain heavy clouds heavy crops heavy wine heavy news heavy heart heavy fire heavy smoker heavy bread heavy storm heavy traffic 大雨厚云丰收烈性酒 令人悲痛的消息忧伤的心猛烈的炮火 烟瘾很大的人没有发好的面包暴风雨拥挤的交通雨打在窗户上。趁热打铁。

14、他用瓶子打她的头。我打了一个碗。他们打了一仗。他们又打下了一座县城。他正在打行李。她善于打毛衣。她习惯于打伞。让她在前面给我们打手电。打 一盆水来！ 我们应给植物打农药。你最好先打个草稿。 雨打在窗户上。The rain was beating against the windows. 趁热打铁。Strike the iron while it is hot. 他用瓶子打她的头He hit her on the head with a bottle.我打了一个碗。I broke a bowl. 他们打了一仗。They fought a battle. 他们又打下了一座县城。Theyve cap

15、tured another town. 他正在打行李。He is packing his luggage. 她善于打毛衣。She is good at knitting a sweater她习惯于打伞。She is used to holding up an umbrella. 让她在前面给我们打手电。Let her go in front and flash a torch for us.打 一盆水来！ Fetch a basin of water! 我们应给植物打农药。We should spray insecticide upon plants.你最好先打个草稿。 Youd better

16、 work out a draft first. Exercises：run 一词在不同的上下文中有不同的含义，光是作动词就有“跑，奔，逃跑，竞选，进行，行驶，转动，运转，蔓延，融化”等含义He ran across the road. Ill run the car into town. The engine runs well. The story runs like this He ran for president. Your nose is running. The butter will run if you put it near the fire. The road runs

17、beside the river. He ran across the road.他跑过马路 Ill run the car into town. 我会把汽车迅速开进城里。The engine runs well. 发动机运转良好。The story runs like this 故事是这样说的He ran for president. 他参加总统竞选。Your nose is running. 你在流鼻涕。The butter will run if you put it near the fire. 如果你把黄油放进火旁，就会融化。The road runs beside the rive

18、r. 这条路沿着河边延伸。 4. 依据不同学科或专业类型确定词义 (from relevant subjects or fields) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC. AB线是三角形ABC的底边。（数学）The weary troops marched back to the base. 疲惫不堪的士兵行军返回基地。（军事） As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。(化学) That company has offices all over

19、the world, but their base is in Paris. 这个公司的办事处遍布全世界，但本部在巴黎。（商务） 4.2.2 词义的翻译 英汉互译时，有时会遇到某些词在词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或逐词死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。所以在翻译时，要考虑到词所处的语言语境意义和文化语境意义。1. 词义的引申（extension)1) 具体化 （specification) 具体化是指在译文中，用所指意义较窄的词或词组替换原文中所指意义较广的词或词组。抽象名词在语义上的具体化 the top management 高层管理人员/ 部门 the bes

20、t translation 最好的翻译作品/最佳译作 抽象名词在比喻形象上的具体化be full of anxiety and worry 十分挂念，放心不下- 牵肠挂肚 very anxious to return home 回家心切- 归心似箭 a great and thorough-going change 巨大而彻底的变化翻天覆地的变化 have not cut off relations completely 没有彻底断绝关系藕断丝连抽象名词后面加范畴词There had been too much violence in that region. 那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。He

21、r indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.她的冷漠态度把许多参观者挡在展览馆门外。他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉，这还是未到手的东西。 Im not sure whether I can win the honour; its a bird in the bush.2) 概略化 (generalization) 概括化是指在译文中用含义较广的单位替换原文中含义较窄的单位。lick sbs b

22、oots巴结eat ones heart out极度悲痛eat like a bird吃得极少walk on air得意洋洋 get the green light得到许可wear ones heart on ones sleeve表露感情get cold feet胆怯He is a rolling stone. I dont think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。The matter was finally settled under the table. 事情终于私下解决了。 谦虚态度态度 发展过程过程 稳定性性 灵敏度度 无知的表现表现 残暴

23、行为行为 同化作用作用 modesty developmentstabilitysensibility innocence brutality assimilation开门见山狗急跳墙顺手牵羊鸡毛蒜皮单枪匹马come straight to the pointdo sth desperatelywalk off with sthtriflingall by oneself这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？ Thats a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in it?这

24、消息让我出了一身冷汗。 I was extremely terrified by that news.半夜听到狼嗥，他感到毛骨悚然。 Discussion:I was practically on my knees but he still refusedPlease dont wake a sleeping dog. He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation. His arrogance sent him into isolation and helplessness. 你应该把好坏分清楚。 .敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 I was

25、practically on my knees but he still refused.我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。Please dont wake a sleeping dog. 请不要惹是生非。He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation. 他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。His arrogance sent him into isolation and helplessness. 他的傲慢态度使他孤立无援。你应该把好坏分清楚。You should separate the sheep from the goats.敌军闹得全

26、村鸡犬不宁。The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder.2. 词义的褒贬 （commendatory or derogatory senses of the words）语言本身虽没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶级服务。为了忠实于原文的思想内容，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段来加以表达。 1) 英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来 He was a man of high fame他是位有名望的人。（褒）His notoriety as a rake

27、 did not come until his death.他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的。（贬）2) 英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达 有些英语词既有褒义又有贬义，如：有些英语词既有褒义又有贬义，如：1.有进取心的有进取心的2.故事故事3. 英雄，冠军英雄，冠军4. 前途前途5. 有雄心的有雄心的6. 羡慕羡慕7 开发利用开发利用1.侵略性的侵略性的2. 阴谋阴谋3. 罪魁祸首罪魁祸首4. 下场下场5. 野心勃勃的野心勃勃的 6. 嫉妒嫉妒7. 剥削剥削1. aggressive2. plot3.

28、champion4. future5. ambitious6. envy7. exploit The enemys scheme went bankrupt. 敌人的阴谋破产了。We have mapped out a scheme. 我们制订了一项计划。 Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. 汉斯说，这位先生是他所见过的最有胆识的人，这种阿谀奉承未 免过于露骨。 Youre flattering me by sayin

29、g that. 你那么说，就过奖了。Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请时，感到非常荣幸。Discussion:The stubborn boy refused to listen to his parents advice.The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.The old couple made a persistent effort to sea

30、rch for their daughter lost in the earthquake.She was vexed by the persistent ringing o f the phone The stubborn boy refused to listen to his parents advice. 这个犟男孩不肯听父母的忠告。 The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people. 侵略者遭到了当地人民顽强的抵抗。The old couple made a persistent effort to search

31、 for their daughter lost in the earthquake. 这对年老的夫妇执著地寻找着他们在地震中丢失的女儿。She was vexed by the persistent ringing o f the phone.没完没了的电话铃声搞得她心烦意乱。Homework 1:阅读移植译法、释义译法、套用译法、象形译法翻译以下表达，并指出翻译的方法 selling point concenration camp hula loop dozen teenager the Christian Trinity as strong as a horse as silent as

32、 graves I-section diamond sign J-display U-pipe Homework 2: 翻译下列短语，注意选择符合汉语习惯的搭配翻译下列短语，注意选择符合汉语习惯的搭配Soft pillow Soft music Soft cushion Soft moneySoft drink Soft breezeSoft light Soft voice Soft fire Soft wordsSoft answer Soft goodsSoft heart Soft waterHomework 3: 翻译以下句子He is working in the factory. He is working a machine. He is working at English. The ship is working eastward. The gears work smoothly. My watch doesnt work.The screw worked loose. Will these new methods work? The yeast has begun to work. Electronic computers work quickly and accurate.