名词的基本用法ppt课件.ppt

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1、(一一)名词名词 对名词的考查通常在试题中占对名词的考查通常在试题中占10%左右左右,主要主要是名词的数的变化是名词的数的变化 (特别是不规则变化的名词复特别是不规则变化的名词复数数)、可数名词和不可数名词的区别以及名词所、可数名词和不可数名词的区别以及名词所有格的运用。在完型填空中常考察词义的分辨。有格的运用。在完型填空中常考察词义的分辨。 一、名词的分类一、名词的分类 二、常用不可数名词二、常用不可数名词 三、可数名词的复数形式和名词所有格三、可数名词的复数形式和名词所有格 四、名词的构成四、名词的构成 专有名词与普通名词专有名词与普通名词名词可分为两大类：名词可分为两大类：*专有名词专有

2、名词(proper nouns)*普通名词普通名词(common nouns)专有名词主要指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，专有名词主要指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如：如：*人名：人名：Diana，Einstein，Miss Brown，President Bush；*地名：地名：Asia，Kensington Gardens，the Yellow River，*某些人的名称：某些人的名称：Americans，Chinese，Japanese，*某些抽象事物的名称：某些抽象事物的名称：Buddhism，Geneva Conference, *月份、周日及节日名词：月份、周日及节日名词：J

3、une，Monday，Easter，*书名、电影及诗歌名：书名、电影及诗歌名：A Tale of Two Cities， Gone with the Wind，Ode to the West Wind(西风颂西风颂)，*对家人的称呼：对家人的称呼：Mum，Dad，Auntie，Uncle Tom专有名词开头的字母要大写。专有名词开头的字母要大写。 普通名词可分为四类：普通名词可分为四类：*个体名词个体名词(individual nouns)；*集体名词集体名词(collective nouns)；*物质名词物质名词(mass nouns)；*抽象名词抽象名词(abstract nouns)。其

4、中个体名词和集体名词可以用数来数的，称为其中个体名词和集体名词可以用数来数的，称为 可数名词可数名词(countable nouns)；物质名词和抽象名词是无法以数计的，称为物质名词和抽象名词是无法以数计的，称为 不可数名词不可数名词(uncountable nouns)。 个体名词个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以指具体东西，如：指具体东西，如： She has three brothers.她有三个哥哥。她有三个哥哥。也可指抽象的东西，如：也可指抽象的东西，如： Hes been here for a month.他在这里待一他在这里待

5、一星期了。星期了。 下面是一些常见的个体名词：下面是一些常见的个体名词：accident actor baby bank battle beach camp captain star station task teacher tent thought woman集体名词集体名词集体名词是由个体组成的集体的名称，下面集体名词是由个体组成的集体的名称，下面是一些常见的集体名词：是一些常见的集体名词： army audience committee community company crew enemy family flock gang government group herd media n

6、avy police public staff team 这些词本身有复数这些词本身有复数 (注明者除外注明者除外)，带复数，带复数动词，表示多个集体。动词，表示多个集体。 单数集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复单数集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，作为整体时作单数看待，数看待。一般说来，作为整体时作单数看待，想到它包含的成员时作复数看待。想到它包含的成员时作复数看待。 公众支持它的可能性不大。公众支持它的可能性不大。 The public was unlikely to support it. 公众受到报纸的蒙骗。公众受到报纸的蒙骗。 The public were decei

7、ved by the newspapers. 敌人受到重大损失。敌人受到重大损失。 The enemy has suffered heavy losses. 敌军正在攻打该城。敌军正在攻打该城。 The enemy were attacking the town. 观众自始至终欣赏这次演出。观众自始至终欣赏这次演出。 The audience enjoys every minute of the performance. 观众有形形色色的穿着。观众有形形色色的穿着。 The audience are dressed in a variety of ways. 物质名词物质名词 物质名词指不可分

8、成个体的物质。下面是一物质名词指不可分成个体的物质。下面是一些常见的物质名词：些常见的物质名词： beer cheese cloth coal cotton jam jellyjuice meat medicine oil paint paper perfume plastics poison salad snow tea whisky wine wood yoghurt *有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份一份”，“一杯一杯”等：等：A dozen beers，please. 请来一打啤酒请来一打啤酒 *有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示有些物质名词可用作可

9、数名词，表示“一种一种”：It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. 这是一种特别的茶，有橘子花味。这是一种特别的茶，有橘子花味。 抽象名词抽象名词 抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不能加冠词能加冠词a，an。下面是一些常见的抽象名词：。下面是一些常见的抽象名词： angerbeauty childhoodcomfort confidence courageexperience failure faith fash

10、ion fear freedom fun growth respect safety silencetruth violence waste wealth 在多数情况下，这种名词都用于单数形式，在多数情况下，这种名词都用于单数形式，并不加任何冠词：并不加任何冠词： Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。知识就是力量。(谚谚)二、常用不可数名词：二、常用不可数名词： 主要是物质名词和抽象名词主要是物质名词和抽象名词 advice 忠告主意忠告主意 age 年龄年龄 baggage 行李行李 beauty 美丽，漂亮美丽，漂亮 bread 面包面包 beer 啤酒啤酒 campin

11、g 露营露营 cloth 布布 coffee 咖啡咖啡 courage 勇气勇气 cream 奶油奶油 damage 损害损害 death 死亡死亡 dust 尘土尘土 experience 经验经验 fear 担心担心 furniture 家具家具 glass 玻璃玻璃 gold 黄金黄金 help 帮助帮助 hope 希望希望 hair 头发头发 homework 作业作业 horror 恐惧恐惧 ice 冰冰 information 消息信息消息信息 jam 果酱果酱 juice 饮料饮料 knowledge 知识知识 luggage 行李行李mercy 仁慈仁慈 money 金钱金钱

12、oil 油油 paper 纸纸 pity 同情同情 shopping 购物购物 soap 肥皂肥皂 steak 牛排牛排 stone 石头石头 suspicion 猜疑猜疑 silver 银银 tea 茶茶 water 水水 weather 天气天气 wind 风风 wine 葡萄酒葡萄酒 wood 木头木头 work 工作工作 不可数名词量的表达不可数名词量的表达a piece of news 一条消息一条消息 a box of milk 一盒牛奶一盒牛奶 a cake of soap 一块肥皂一块肥皂 a drop of oil 一滴油一滴油 a grain of sand 一粒沙子一粒沙

13、子 a pane of glass 一块玻璃一块玻璃 a piece of advice 一条忠告一条忠告 a pot of jam 一罐果酱一罐果酱 a sheet of paper 一页纸一页纸 a glass of beer 一杯啤酒一杯啤酒 三、可数名词的复数形式：三、可数名词的复数形式： 有规则和不规则两种。有规则和不规则两种。 A. 规则变化规则变化(1) 一般在词尾加一般在词尾加 -s。如。如:dog dogs(2) 以以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加结尾的名词加 -es。 如如: bus buses, box boxes, watch watches, wish wish

14、es (3)以以“辅音字母辅音字母+y”结尾的名词结尾的名词,变变y为为i加加-es。 如如:country countries, city cities 特别提示特别提示 如果名词以如果名词以“元音字母元音字母 + y”结尾结尾,则直接在则直接在名词的后面加名词的后面加-s构成复数。如构成复数。如: toy toys, day days(4)以以o结尾的名词多数直接加结尾的名词多数直接加-s, 只有只有 potato, tomato, Negro, hero 等少数名词等少数名词加加-es构成复数。构成复数。(5)以以f, fe结尾的名词结尾的名词, 变变f, fe为为v 再加再加 -es。

15、 如如: knife knives, shelf shelvesB. 不规则变化不规则变化(1)少数名词的变化是不规则的。少数名词的变化是不规则的。 如如: tooth teeth, man men, woman women, child children (2)在表示某国人的名词中在表示某国人的名词中,Chinese和和Japanese这两个词这两个词 的单、复数形式相同。的单、复数形式相同。 如如: a Chinese two Chinese (3)还有其它一些单、复数相同的名词。还有其它一些单、复数相同的名词。 如如: deer deer, sheep sheep, fish fish

16、(fish表示不同种类的鱼时表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式也可以为其复数形式也可以为fishes) (4)有些名词只以复数形式出现。如有些名词只以复数形式出现。如:clothes, trousers, glasses 这些名词做主语时这些名词做主语时, 谓语动词要用复数。谓语动词要用复数。 如如: My clothes are newer than yours.(5) 有些名词看似复数形式有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。实际上是单数。 如如:maths, physics，politics (6)有些复合名词变成复数时有些复合名词变成复数时,只将复合名词的主体词变为只将复合名词的主体词变为复

17、数。但当复数。但当man, woman作定语构成的复合名词变复数时作定语构成的复合名词变复数时,前后两部分都要变复数。如前后两部分都要变复数。如: a boy student two boy students a woman doctor six women doctors (7)一些集体名词以单数形式出现一些集体名词以单数形式出现,但实际上为复数。但实际上为复数。 如如:people, police等本身就是复数等本身就是复数,不能说不能说a people, a police, 但可以说但可以说 a person, a policeman。特别提示特别提示 family也是一个集体名词也是一

18、个集体名词,指一个家庭的整体时指一个家庭的整体时,用作用作 单数单数,谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式;强调家庭成员个体时强调家庭成员个体时, 用作复数用作复数,谓语动词用复数形式。如谓语动词用复数形式。如: His family is a happy one. The family are enjoying themselves at the party. 名词所有格名词所有格 用来表示名词在句子中的所属关系。用来表示名词在句子中的所属关系。1. 名词所有格一般由下列方法构成名词所有格一般由下列方法构成:(1)一般情况下在名词后加一般情况下在名词后加“s”。如。如:Toms book(2

19、)若是以若是以s结尾的复数名词结尾的复数名词,在在s后加后加“ ”即可。即可。 如如: Teachers Day 不以不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格结尾的复数名词的所有格, 则仍按惯例加则仍按惯例加“s”。如。如:Childrens Day2. 关于名词所有格关于名词所有格, 应掌握以下几点应掌握以下几点: (1)名词所有格表示地点时名词所有格表示地点时,后面的名词常可以省去。如后面的名词常可以省去。如: to my uncles (去我叔叔家去我叔叔家), at the doctors (在诊所在诊所)(2)表示两人共同拥有表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加在最后一个名词后加“s”即可。即可

20、。 如如: Lucy and Lilys room (两人共同的房间两人共同的房间) 如果表示两者各自所属关系如果表示两者各自所属关系,应该在每个后面加应该在每个后面加“s”, 这时所修饰的名词要用复数。如这时所修饰的名词要用复数。如: Lucys and Lilys rooms (两人均有自己的房间两人均有自己的房间)(3)名词表示无生命的东西时名词表示无生命的东西时,其所有格形式一般其所有格形式一般 由由 “名词名词+of +名词名词” 构成。如构成。如: a map of China (4)名词的双重所有格。名词的双重所有格。 “of + 名词名词s” 这种形式这种形式 称为名词的双重所

21、有格称为名词的双重所有格,常用来表示整体中的常用来表示整体中的 一部分。如一部分。如: He is a friend of Li Mings. (他是李明的朋友。他是李明的朋友。) （一）、只能修饰可数名词的词语有（一）、只能修饰可数名词的词语有: many, many a(n), a good / great many, a (great / large) number of, scores of, dozens of 等。等。 （二）、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有（二）、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有: much, a great deal of, a great / large amount

22、of 等。等。 （三）、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名（三）、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有词的词语有: a lot of, lots of, plenty of (以上三个以上三个词语后谓语动词的数依词语后谓语动词的数依of 后的名词的单复数后的名词的单复数而定而定), a great / large quantity of (其后谓其后谓语用单数语用单数), quantities of (其后谓语用复数其后谓语用复数)。 1、花园里还有许多雪。、花园里还有许多雪。 There is still lots of snow in the garden.2、大厅里放了很多鲜花。、大

23、厅里放了很多鲜花。 A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.3、橱柜里有许多食物。、橱柜里有许多食物。 There are large quantities of food in the cupboard. 4、很多学生都游览过长城。、很多学生都游览过长城。 Many a student has (=many students have) visited the Great Wall. (谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数)5、开张后的头几天、开张后的头几天,很多人去了那儿。很多人去了那儿。 A large number of peopl

24、e went there in the first few days after its opening.四、名词的构成四、名词的构成 主要有主要有三三种：种： 合成合成、派生派生与与转化转化。. 合成合成 : 由两个或更多的词合成一个词。由两个或更多的词合成一个词。class + room = classroom (名词名词+名词名词)black+ board= blackboard (形容词形容词+名词名词)friendship，greenhouse， fire-fighter，bus-stop， son-in-law (女婿女婿)，editor-in-chief (总编总编)， fire

25、 station (消防站消防站)，music lessons (音乐课音乐课)，drinking water(饮用水饮用水)，sleeping-pills(安眠药安眠药) sunbathing(日光浴日光浴)，weightlifting(举重举重) a black sheep(败家子败家子)，a green house(温室温室) breakdown(失败失败) 2、转化、转化stop v. 停止停止 - n.车站车站love v. 爱爱 - n. 爱爱watch v. 观看观看 - n. 手表手表look v. 看看- have a look n. 看看 walk v. 散步散步,走走-

26、take a walk n.散步散步love v. 爱爱- your love n. 爱爱3、派生、派生-tion education, invitation, prediction-ment development, movement, disappointment -er teacher, worker, runner, singer -or visitor, sailor, tutor, actor -ist ( 人人,名词后缀名词后缀) scientist, terrorist -ese ( 民族民族,语言语言,名词后缀名词后缀) Chinese, Japanese -ness hap

27、piness, sadness, carelessness -ity ability, possibility 名词单句改错专题训练名词单句改错专题训练 A级级 1. What a lot of works I have to finish today! 2. Both Marx and Engels were Germen.3. What a beautiful weather we are having recently!4. Most of them are woman doctors.5. He wrote a three-hundred-words report.workGerman

28、swomenword6. There are four baskets of apple in that room.7. This computer cost me eight thousands yuan.8. Mr. Zhang looks very happy today. He has got many good news from here.9. This hat of my fathers is rather old.10.He made many mistakes in his composition because of careless.applesthousandmuchc

29、arelessnessB级级 1. Will you please make a room for the lady outside?2. The number of the students in our school are increasing.3. She has made some progresses in English.4. His work is better than anyone else.5. Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no way but to take a taxi.isprogresselseschoi

30、ce6. He dropped the coffees cup and broke it.7. He gained his wealths by printing works of famous writers.8. I spent last weekend with the Palmers.9. My brother has had one of his tooth taken out.10.Youll find this map of great valuable in helping you to get round London. coffeewealthteethvalue一、语法填

31、空之名词基础练习一、语法填空之名词基础练习 1Father went to his doctor for_ (advise) about his heart trouble 2. There are ten_ (woman) teachers and two hundred _(girl) students in the school 3. Facing cut-throat(激烈的激烈的) _ (compete) in all subjects, students must devote as much of their time as possible. 4. I shall never

32、fear difficulty and I shall never know the _ (exist) of the word “failure”. 5. Youll want to know your body language is saying and how to interpret other _(people). advicewomengirlcompetitionexistencepeoples6. Not long ago he sent _(word) that he would return with his family. 7. She was in London an

33、d spent her _(young) in China. 8. The _ (erupt) of Mount Kilauea, one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii, is always taking people by surprise. 9. His _ (curious) made him wonder about clouds. 10. Except for some short songs and poems included in his plays, all of _ (Shakespeare) greatest poems a

34、re sonnet( 十十四行诗四行诗). Word(消息消息)youtheruptioncuriosityShakespeares11. The number of languages is getting smaller all the time because of the steady _ (grow) of bigger languages. 12. Tight jeans and trousers, short skirts and even sensible flat shoes may all cause _ (ill). 13. Reduce the amount of it

35、 if you suffered from restlessness or _ (sleep) after taking the medicine. 14. I saw many _ (Japan) seated in the corner and reading something. 15. You should take more _(exercise). Dont always sit at the desk busy doing your _(exercise). growthillnesssleeplessJapaneseexerciseexercises二、高考与各地模拟题中语法填

36、空中的名词考点二、高考与各地模拟题中语法填空中的名词考点 1Mr Chen has taught me English since Junior 1, and to show my_ (appreciate) I decided to get her a present. (07广州一模广州一模) 2. You have done well and made great achievement in the _ (entertain) field. (08惠一模惠一模) 3. These people have made great _ (contribute) to China with t

37、heir work.（08茂名茂名二模）二模） appreciationentertainmentcontributions4. As far as I am concerned, my _ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English within easy reach. (08惠二模惠二模) 5. I took out my guide book in which there was a lot of information about the citys well-known touris

38、t _ (attract) and started to read. (08广一模广一模)6. But some have put forward the idea that the remains date from this period because of their _ (similar) to those found elsewhere. (08广二模广二模) suggestionattractionssimilarities7. She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her wor

39、ld; a world of smiles, love and _ ( warm ) (08深圳一模深圳一模) 8. We convey either by words or by actions that failure is something to be ashamed of and that nothing but top performance meets with our _ (approve). (08深圳二模深圳二模) 9. Some things looked as if they had not been cared for a long time, but I knew

40、their _( beautify) was still there beneath their own surface. (09深圳一模拟深圳一模拟) warmthapprovalbeauty A cat called Mayor Stubbs is celebrating 15 years in charge of the town of Talkeetna, Alaska. Stubbs was 1._ (elect) mayor as a joke by the towns 900 2._ (resident) just after he was born, and has been

41、in charge ever since. He does all the things mayors are supposed to do, 3._ (sell) the town to outside investors by appearing in local and national 4._ (magazine) and news articles, meeting the 5._ (vote) as they visit him in the local shops, and receiving official correspondence 6._ the form of car

42、ds and letters from well wishers. Stubbs job 7._ (come) with some benefits - food and a chalice (a wine glass with his name 8._ (write) on it). The towns unusual 9._ (choose) of mayor has made 10._ something of a sensation（轰动一时的事情）（轰动一时的事情）in the US.electedresidentssellingmagazines votersincomeswrit

43、tenchoiceit Its impossible to know the future. We can guess, but no one has actual 1._（知识）（知识） of whats going to happen down the road. But if youre someone who trusts his feelings, youre more likely to accurately 2._ （预测未来事件）（预测未来事件）than people who dont trust their feelings as much. Thats the 3._ （结

44、论（结论 ）of a recent study done by 4._ (research) at Columbia Business School. Through 5._ （一系列8项研究）they found that subjects who had a high amount of trust in their feelings were generally better able to predict things like the outcomes of presidential 6._（选举）（选举）, football games, the 7._（胜利者）（胜利者） of

45、American Idol, and even the weather. knowledgepredict future eventsconclusionresearchers a series of eight studies electionswinner How is this possible, you ask? The point is that when we rely on feelings to make a 8._ (预测预测), were really summarizing and calling on everything we know about the subje

46、ct in question. Its similar to what 9._ (记者记者) Malcolm Gladwell wrote about in his best selling book “Blink” that the more we know about something the greater our ability to make snap 10._（判（判断）断）and predictions without thinking too much. Unlike Gladwells theory, though, the recent study is less about snap decisions and more about consciously deciding to rely on feelings to make predictions. Do that, and youre more likely to be able to sense what may happen in the future.predictionjournalistjudgements