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1、生物工程专业英语nantibiotic 【ntbatk】 抗生素抗生素nvaccine 【vksi:n 】疫苗疫苗nBiotechnology includes fermentation processes (ranging from beers and wines to bread, cheese, antibiotics and vaccines), water and waste treatment, parts of food technology, and an increasing range of novel applications ranging from biomedica
2、l to metal recovery from low grade ores. n生物技术包括发酵过程(如啤酒、果酒、面包、生物技术包括发酵过程(如啤酒、果酒、面包、奶酪、抗生素和疫苗的生产)、水与废物处理、奶酪、抗生素和疫苗的生产)、水与废物处理、食品技术以及越来越多的新应用,包括从生物食品技术以及越来越多的新应用,包括从生物医学到从低品质矿石中回收金属各个领域。医学到从低品质矿石中回收金属各个领域。 nversatility 【v:stlt 】多用途的多用途的,多功能的多功能的norganic 【:nik 】 有机的,有机物的有机的,有机物的nBecause of its versati
3、lity, biotechnology will exert a major impact in many industrial processes and in theory almost all organic materials could be producted by biotechnological methods. n由于生物技术的普遍性,它将在许多工业由于生物技术的普遍性,它将在许多工业生产过程中产生重大的影响。理论上,几生产过程中产生重大的影响。理论上,几乎所有的有机物都能用生物技术来生产。乎所有的有机物都能用生物技术来生产。nPredictions of future wo
4、rldwide market potential for biotechnological products in the year 2000 have been estimated at nearly US $ 65bn.n到到2000年,生物技术在未来全球市场的潜年,生物技术在未来全球市场的潜力预计接近力预计接近650亿美元亿美元 nsynthesize 【sn,saz 】人工合成,使合成人工合成,使合成nmolecule 【mlikju:l】 分子分子ninterferon 【int(:) firn 】干扰素干扰素nHowever, it must also be appreciated
5、 that many important new bio-products will still be synthesized chemically from models derived from existing biological molecules, e.g., new drugs based on the interferons. n然而,我们必须意识到,许多重要的新的然而,我们必须意识到,许多重要的新的生物产品仍将以化学方法,按照现有的生生物产品仍将以化学方法,按照现有的生物分子模型进行合成,例如以干扰素为基物分子模型进行合成,例如以干扰素为基础的新药。础的新药。ninterfa
6、ce 【intfeis 】 连接,接口连接,接口ninterpret 【int:prit 】理解,解释,说明理解,解释,说明nThus the interface between bioscience and chemistry and its relationship to biotechnology must be broadly interpreted.n因此,应该从广义上来理解生物学和化学因此,应该从广义上来理解生物学和化学以及他们与生物技术之间的关系。以及他们与生物技术之间的关系。 nresidue 【rez,du: 】 剩余,余渣剩余,余渣nA high production of
7、 the techniques used in biotechnology tend to be more economic, less energy demanding and safer than current traditional industrial processes and for most processes the residues are biodegradable and non-toxic. n生物技术所采用的众多技术通常比传统工生物技术所采用的众多技术通常比传统工业更经济、更低能耗、更安全,而且大多业更经济、更低能耗、更安全,而且大多数生产过程中的残留物都能够通过生
8、物降数生产过程中的残留物都能够通过生物降解而且无毒。解而且无毒。 nIn the long term biotechnology offers a means of solving some major world problems, in particular those related to medicine, food production, pollution control and the development of new energy sources. n从长远来看,生物技术提供了一种可以解从长远来看,生物技术提供了一种可以解决众多世界性难题的方法,尤其是医药、决众多世界性难题
9、的方法,尤其是医药、食品生产、污染控制和新能源发展领域的食品生产、污染控制和新能源发展领域的问题。问题。 nContrary to popular belief biotechnology is not a new pursuit but in reality dates far back into history. In practice, four major developmental phases can be identified in arriving at modern biotechnological systems. n与人们的普遍看法相反的是,生物技术并与人们的普遍看法相反
10、的是,生物技术并不是新兴起的,事实上,它已经有很长的不是新兴起的,事实上,它已经有很长的历史了。实践证明,现在的生物技术体系历史了。实践证明,现在的生物技术体系是经历了四个主要的发展阶段后形成的。是经历了四个主要的发展阶段后形成的。 nbaking 烘焙烘焙nbrewing 酿造酿造nActivities such as baking, brewing and wine making are known to date back several millennia; the ancient Sumarians and Babylonians were drinking beer by 6000
11、 B. C. , the Egyptians were baking leavened bread by 4000 B.C. while wine was known in the Near East by the time of the book of Genesis. n利用生物技术生产食品和饮料人类从事烘焙、酿造以及果利用生物技术生产食品和饮料人类从事烘焙、酿造以及果酒酿造的活动可以追溯到数千年前,古老的苏美尔人和巴酒酿造的活动可以追溯到数千年前,古老的苏美尔人和巴比伦人喝啤酒的历史可追溯到公元前比伦人喝啤酒的历史可追溯到公元前6000年,埃及人在年,埃及人在公元前公元前4000年就会烘
12、焙面包,年就会烘焙面包,创世纪创世纪诞生时,葡萄诞生时,葡萄糖就就开始在中东地区流行。糖就就开始在中东地区流行。 nrecognition 【reknin 】识别,认可识别,认可nformulate 【f:mjuleit 】确切地阐述,确切地阐述,用公式表示用公式表示nAnton van Leeuwenhoek安东尼安东尼列文虎列文虎克,荷兰博物学家,显微镜创造者克,荷兰博物学家,显微镜创造者nThe recognition that these processes were being affected by living organisms, yeasts, was not formula
13、ted until the 17th century, by Anton van Leeuwenhoek. n这些过程都在受生物体、酵母菌的影响,这些过程都在受生物体、酵母菌的影响,但直到但直到17世纪安东尼世纪安东尼列文虎克做了系统阐列文虎克做了系统阐述之后,人们才认识到这一点。述之后,人们才认识到这一点。 nminute organisms 微生物微生物nseminal 对以后发展有重大影响的,种子的对以后发展有重大影响的,种子的nDefinitive proof of the fermentation abilities of these minute organisms came fr
14、om the seminal studies of Pasteur between 1857 and 1876. Pasteur can justifiably be considered as the father of biotechnology. n1857年到年到1876年间,巴斯德的开创性研究年间,巴斯德的开创性研究证明了这些微生物具有发酵能力,他理所证明了这些微生物具有发酵能力,他理所当然地被称为生物技术之父。当然地被称为生物技术之父。 ntempeh 【 temp 】豆豉豆豉nancestry 【 nsstr 】祖先祖先nOther microbially based proce
15、sses such as the production of fermented milk products, e.g. cheeses and yogurts, and various oriental foods, e.g. soy sauce, tempeh etc., can equally claim distant ancestry. n其他的微生物过程,如奶酪和酸奶等发酵其他的微生物过程,如奶酪和酸奶等发酵乳制品的生产,以及酱油和豆豉等各种东乳制品的生产,以及酱油和豆豉等各种东方食品的生产,都同样有悠久的历史。方食品的生产,都同样有悠久的历史。 nOf more rencent
16、introduction is mushroom cultivation which probably dates back many hundreds of years for Japanese shii-ta-ke cultivation and about 300 years for the Agaricus mushroom now widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. n最近引进的蘑菇种植可以追溯到数百年前最近引进的蘑菇种植可以追溯到数百年前日本的日本的shii-ta-ke种植,如今在温带地区广种植,如今在温带地区广泛种植
17、的巴西蘑菇也有三百年左右的历史泛种植的巴西蘑菇也有三百年左右的历史了。了。 nintuitive 【 ntjutv 】直觉的,直观的直觉的,直观的nvital 【 vat! 】有生命的有生命的nIt cannot be ascertained whether these microbial processes arose by accidental observation or by intuitive experimentation but their further and continued development were early examples of mans abilitie
18、s to use the vital activities of organisms for his own needs. n我们无法确定这些微生物生产过程的出现是源于我们无法确定这些微生物生产过程的出现是源于偶然还是主观实验,但其进一步不断发展的早期偶然还是主观实验,但其进一步不断发展的早期实例证明了人类能够利用微生物的生命活动来满实例证明了人类能够利用微生物的生命活动来满足自己的需要。足自己的需要。 nreliant 【 rlant 】依赖、依靠依赖、依靠nproportion 【 prporn 】比例、比率比例、比率nhumble 【hmb! 】低下的、卑微的低下的、卑微的norigin
19、【rdn】起源n In more recent times, just as these processes have become more reliant on advanced technology, their contribution to world economy has equally increased out of all proportion to their humble origins. n近年来,这些生产过程更依赖于先进的技近年来,这些生产过程更依赖于先进的技术,其与世界经济的贡献也与日俱增,远术,其与世界经济的贡献也与日俱增,远远大于初期阶段的作用。远大于初期阶段
20、的作用。 nacetic 【 sitk 】酸的,醋酸的酸的,醋酸的nacetic acid 乙酸乙酸nbutanol 【 bjut,nol 】丁醇丁醇nacetone【 s,ton 】丙酮丙酮ncontaminate【 kntm,net 】污染、毒害污染、毒害nmanipulation【m,npjulen】操作、控制操作、控制n Many important industrial compounds such as ethanol, acetic acid, organic acids, butanol and acetone were being produced by the end of
21、 the 19th century by microbial fermentation procedures that were open to the environment; the control of contaminating micro-organisms was achieved by careful manipulation of the ecological environment and not by complicated engineering practices. n到到19世纪末,许多重要的工业化合物,如乙醇、乙酸、有世纪末,许多重要的工业化合物,如乙醇、乙酸、有机
22、酸、丁醇、丙酮,都是在开放的环境里利用微生物发酵机酸、丁醇、丙酮,都是在开放的环境里利用微生物发酵进行生产的,而对微生物污染的成功控制是通过认真的控进行生产的,而对微生物污染的成功控制是通过认真的控制生态环境而不是通过复杂的工程来实现的。制生态环境而不是通过复杂的工程来实现的。 npetroleum 【 ptrolm 】石油石油neclipse 使黯然失色使黯然失色nHowever, with the arrival of the petroleum age in which these compounds could be produced more cheaply from the by-
23、products of petroleum production, most of these emerging industries were eclipsed. n然而,进入石油时代,这些化合物都能够然而,进入石油时代,这些化合物都能够从石油的副产品中得到,使得它们更廉价,从石油的副产品中得到,使得它们更廉价,而这些新兴产业也黯然失色。而这些新兴产业也黯然失色。 nescalation 【 】上调、涨价上调、涨价nEscalation of oil prices in recent years has lead to a re-examination of the early fermen
24、tation procedures with a view to a return to commercial production. n近些年来,石油价格的不断上升使我们重近些年来,石油价格的不断上升使我们重新考虑启用早期的发酵工序,并恢复商业新考虑启用早期的发酵工序,并恢复商业化生产。化生产。 npreviously 【 privisl 】事先,以前事先,以前nrelatively 【 rltvl 】相对地相对地nTogether with the previously mentioned food fermentations these fermentation practices ar
25、e relatively simple and can be run on a large scale. n与前面提到的食品发酵相比,这些物质的与前面提到的食品发酵相比,这些物质的发酵方法相对简单,能够进行大规模生产。发酵方法相对简单,能够进行大规模生产。 noutstanding 显著的、重要的显著的、重要的nsterile 【strl】不生育的、无效的不生育的、无效的nmunicipal 【mjunspl】市政的市政的ncompost 【 kmpost 】堆肥堆肥nOther outstanding examples of non-sterile biotechnology are was
26、te water treatment and municipal composting of solid wastes. n其他成功的有菌微生物发酵例子有废水处其他成功的有菌微生物发酵例子有废水处理和城市固体废物堆肥理和城市固体废物堆肥 。nexploit 【 ksplt】开发、利用开发、利用ndecompose 【,dikmpoz】分解分解ndetoxify【ditks,fa】去除污染、使去毒去除污染、使去毒nMicroorganisms have long been exploited for purposes of decomposing and detoxifying human se
27、wage and, to a lesser extent, in the treatment of industrial toxic wastes such as those from the chemicals industry. n人们一直利用微生物来处理和净化生活污人们一直利用微生物来处理和净化生活污水,以及简单的处理工业有毒废料,如化水,以及简单的处理工业有毒废料,如化工厂(排放的)废水。工厂(排放的)废水。 nrepresent 【,rprznt】表现,表示表现,表示nformulate 【】【】nBiotechnological treatment of waste waters
28、represents by far the largest (but least recognised) fermentation capacity practiced throughout the world. n在目前世界上实施的发酵过程中,利用生在目前世界上实施的发酵过程中,利用生物技术处理污水的规模最大(但对其了解物技术处理污水的规模最大(但对其了解最肤浅)。最肤浅)。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nA new direction in biotechnology came in the 1940s with the introduction of c
29、omplicated engineering techniques to the mass cultivation of micro-organisms to ensure that the particular biological process could proceed with the exclusion of contaminating microorganisms. n生物技术过程无菌技术的引进生物技术过程无菌技术的引进 20世纪世纪40年代,随年代,随着微生物培养中复杂工程技术的引进,一项新的着微生物培养中复杂工程技术的引进,一项新的技术诞生了,以保证每个生物反应过程都不受到技
30、术诞生了,以保证每个生物反应过程都不受到杂菌的污染。杂菌的污染。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nThus by prior sterilization of the medium and the bioreactor and with engineering provision for the exclusion of incoming contaminants only the chosen biocatalyst was present in the reactor. n因此,要预先对培养基和生物反应器进行因此,要预先对培养基和生物反应器进行灭菌确保反应其
31、中只留有已选定的生物催灭菌确保反应其中只留有已选定的生物催化剂。化剂。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nExamples of such products, which represent an increasing volume of biotechnologicalf activity, include antibiotics, amino acids, organic acids, enzymes, steroids, polysaccharides and vaccines. Most of these processes are complicated
32、, expensive and suitable only for high value products. n抗生素、氨基酸、有机酸、酶、类固醇、多糖抗生素、氨基酸、有机酸、酶、类固醇、多糖和疫苗的生产代表了生物技术水平的不断发展,和疫苗的生产代表了生物技术水平的不断发展,这些生物产品的生产过程是复杂的,成本高,这些生物产品的生产过程是复杂的,成本高,只适合高价值产品的生产。只适合高价值产品的生产。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nAlthough many of the products are produced in relatively large qu
33、antities they are still dwarfed in volume and financial returns by the older systems used in food and beverage biotechnology.n虽然很多产品的需求量很大,但由于设备虽然很多产品的需求量很大,但由于设备和资金的限制,工厂仍然采用用于食品和和资金的限制,工厂仍然采用用于食品和饮料生产的传统生产体系饮料生产的传统生产体系 。nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nWithin the last decade there have been outstan
34、ding developments in molecular biology and process control which have created new and exciting opportunities not only to create new dimensions but also to improve greatly the efficiency and economics of the established biotechnological industries. n生物技术产业的新前景和预测在过去的十年里,生物技术产业的新前景和预测在过去的十年里,分子生物学和过程控
35、制有了突出发展,这不仅为分子生物学和过程控制有了突出发展,这不仅为开辟新的发展方向创造了新的机会,也为生物技开辟新的发展方向创造了新的机会,也为生物技术产业提高效率和增加经济效益创造了新机遇。术产业提高效率和增加经济效益创造了新机遇。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nIt is largely from these discoveries and developments that there have been such euphoric statements about the future role of biotechnology to the worl
36、d economy. n从生物技术的兴起和发展可以看出他对未从生物技术的兴起和发展可以看出他对未来世界经济的重要性。来世界经济的重要性。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nManipulation of the genome of industrially important organisms by sexual recombination and/or by mutation have long been part of the innovative repertoire of the industrial geneticist. n对工业上重要的重组和对工业
37、上重要的重组和/或突变体基因的操或突变体基因的操控一直是工业遗传学家的创新性研究的一控一直是工业遗传学家的创新性研究的一部分。部分。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nNew recombinant DNA techniques involve breaking living cells gently, the extraction of DNA, its purification and subsequent selective fragmentation by highly specific enzymes; the sorting, analysis, se
38、lection and purification of a fragment containing a required gene; the chemical bonding to the DNA of a carrier molecule and the introduction of the hybrid DNA into a selected cell for reproduction and cellular synthesis. n新的新的DNA重组技术包括活细胞的轻微破碎、重组技术包括活细胞的轻微破碎、DNA提取、提取、DNA纯化和高度专一酶的选择性破碎;分纯化和高度专一酶的选择性
39、破碎;分类、分析、筛选并纯化目的基因;将类、分析、筛选并纯化目的基因;将DNA与载体与载体结合并导入受体细胞进行细胞繁殖和细胞合成。结合并导入受体细胞进行细胞繁殖和细胞合成。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nRecombinant DNA technologies permit easier manipulation of a genome and can readily bypass interspecies and intergeneric incompatability. n重组重组DNA技术使基因的操控更加容易,能技术使基因的操控更加容易,能够避免种间和
40、属间的不相容。够避免种间和属间的不相容。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nUnlimited possibilities exist and already human insulin and interferon genes have been transferred into and expressed by microbial cells. n人的胰岛素和干扰素基因已经被转入到微人的胰岛素和干扰素基因已经被转入到微生物细胞中并得到成功表达。生物细胞中并得到成功表达。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nProtoplast fu
41、sion, monoclonal antibody preparation and the wide use of tissue culture techniques including the regeneration of plants from suspension culture cells have had a profound impact on the development of biotechnology. n原生质体融合、单克隆抗体以及广泛使用原生质体融合、单克隆抗体以及广泛使用的组织培养技术包括植物细胞悬浮培养技的组织培养技术包括植物细胞悬浮培养技术,对生物技术的发展产生
42、了深远影响。术,对生物技术的发展产生了深远影响。 nrecognition 【 】nformulate 【】【】nIsolated enzymes have long been a part of many biotechnological processes and their catalytic properties are being further utilized with the development of suitable immobilization techniques allowing reuse of the biocatalyst. n酶技术分离酶长久以来都用在生物生
43、产中,酶技术分离酶长久以来都用在生物生产中,它们的催化能力也在进一步被开发利用。它们的催化能力也在进一步被开发利用。nOf particular importance has been the development of high fructose syrups(annual production 3 million tonnes) using immobilized bacterial glucose isomerase.n固定化技术迅速发展得以使酶能够重复使固定化技术迅速发展得以使酶能够重复使用,如采用固定化葡萄糖异构酶生产高果用,如采用固定化葡萄糖异构酶生产高果糖将(年产糖将(年产30
44、万吨)具有重要意义。万吨)具有重要意义。nA further development is the immobilization of whole cells for biocatalytic purposes.n将整个细胞固定化作为生物催化剂是下一将整个细胞固定化作为生物催化剂是下一步的发展方向。步的发展方向。 nBioreactors play a central role in biotechnological processes by providing a link between the starting materials or substrates and final prod
45、ucts.n生化工程生物反应器在生物技术反应过程生化工程生物反应器在生物技术反应过程中具有重要作用,是起始原料转化生成最中具有重要作用,是起始原料转化生成最终产物的重要场所终产物的重要场所 。nMajor advances have been made in bioreactor designs, in process monitoring techniques and in computer control of fermentation processes.n在生物反应器设计过程控制技术和发酵过在生物反应器设计过程控制技术和发酵过程的计算机控制方面已经取得了重大进展。程的计算机控制方面已经
46、取得了重大进展。 nHowever, the application of process control in biotechnological industries is many years behind that in operation in the chemical process industry.n但是,生物技术产业的过程控制应用要比但是,生物技术产业的过程控制应用要比化学工业落后几年。化学工业落后几年。 nNew approaches to the processing of the products of biotechnology (downstream processi
47、ng) will improve the economics of all processes.n生物产品(下游)采用的新工艺流程将改生物产品(下游)采用的新工艺流程将改善所有生产过程的经济状况。善所有生产过程的经济状况。 nThere is an increasing need to design efficient recovery processes, in particular for high value products e.g. the ratio of recovery to fermentation costs for L-asparaginase is about 3.0 whereas for ethanol it is 0.16.n人们越来越需要设计一种有效的回收工艺,人们越来越需要设计一种有效的回收工艺,尤其是对高价值产品的回收,如大肠杆菌尤其是对高价值产品的回收,如大肠杆菌产物的回收成本与发酵成本比值:产物的回收成本与发酵成本比值:L-天冬天冬氨酸在氨酸在3.0左右,乙醇是左右,乙醇是0.16。 nHowever, downstream processing is still the Cinderella subject of biotechnology.n但下游加工还是没有收到重视。但下游加工还是没有收到重视。
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