基于纳米孔和纳米阵列的单分子DNA测序技术基础研究_王跃.docx
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1、上海交通大学硕士学位论文 基于纳米孔和纳米阵列的单分子 DNA测序技术基础研究 上海交通大学农业与生物学院 2014年 01月 姓 名:王跃 专 业:园艺学 学 号 : 1111509023 研究方向:单分子 DNA测序技术 指导导师:王志民研究员 Dissertation Submitted to Shanghai Jiao Tong University for the Master of Science Degree PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF SINGLE-MOLECULE DNA SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES BASED ON NANOPORES
2、AND NANO ARRAY Candidate: Yue Wang Speciality: Horticulture Student ID: 1111509023 Research: Single-molecule DNA sequencing Supervisor: Prof. Zhimin Wang Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Agriculture and Biology Jan., 2014 上海交通大学硕士学位论文 基于纳米孔和纳米阵列的单分子 DNA测序基础研究 摘要 纳米孔测序是最有望实现 $1 , 000 Genome 目标的
3、技术之一。近年来,研究较 多的纳米孔有蛋白质纳米孔和硅基材料的固态纳米孔。蛋白孔寿命比较短,而基于 硅基底的固态纳米孔深度显著超过单链 DNA相邻碱基的间距,所以,无法实现 DNA 的单个碱基的分辨。作者用聚焦离子束先制造氮化硅基底,并在该基底上铺设石墨 烯,再用聚焦电子束刻蚀石墨烯,获得直径 10 nm以下的纳米孔,初步检测了 DNA 穿越纳米孔时产生的电信号,向单层石墨烯纳米孔测序 DNA迈出了一步。 此前,我们已提出外切酶 -纳米孔测序方法,即跨膜电场下外切酶在负极降解单 分子 DNA,释放的 4种带负电荷脱氧核苷 5_ 一磷酸 ( dNMPs)有序穿越纳米孔, 它们因空间结构不同,过孔
4、时的 /b (阻滞电流)各异,也能解决相邻碱基不易单独 识别的问题。通过对单壁碳纳米管 ( SWNT)的选择与纳米孔切片厚度的控制获得 实验需要的纳米孔孔径和孔深,我们检测了 dNMPs的电信号,并对其进行了初步 分析。 同时,我们设计了单分子纳米坑阵列芯片,它将使第二代测序中的多分子扩增 芯片单分子化,从而将二代测序升级为更为有效的第 3代测序技术。制备单分子芯 片的第一步是获得单根 DNA-STV复合物,带生物素 ( biotin)的 DNA与抗链霉生 物素 ( streptavidin, STV)复合会出现五种结构,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳及电洗脱, 获取单根 DNA-STV复合物;其次,在超
5、薄平整石英 ( quartz)表面 采用离子溅射 ( ion sputter)镀金膜约 30nm厚,然后采用聚焦离子束刻蚀表面金膜,打出间距 500 nm 的直径约 30 nm的纳米坑阵列,获得设计的纳米坑基底;最后,对石英表面功能化 并将 DNA-STV复合物进行荧光染料处理之后固定进纳米坑,紧接着采用全内反射 突光显微镜 ( Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy, TIRFM)进行焚光检 测。 关键词:单分子,测序,芯片,纳米孔,纳米阵列,石墨烯,单壁碳纳 米管 上海交通大学硕士学位论文 PRELIMINARY STUDIES
6、OF SINGLE-MOLECULE DNA SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES BASED ON NANOPORES AND NANO ARRAY ABSTRACT Nanopore sequencing is among the most convincing technologies to achieve the goals of the $1,000 genome. Two major types of nanopores, protein and silicon-based solid-state pores, have been extensively investga
7、ted. However, protein pores are short-lived and the solid-state nanopores are deeper than the distance between adjacent bases, resulting in incapability to discriminate individual bases along the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules. In this dissertation, we report X-DNA translocations through grap
8、hene nanopores. Silicon nitride substrates were first fabricated using focused ion beam (FIB), individual graphene membranes were suspended onto the substrates, and nanopores with a diameter less than 10 nm are sculpted by focused electron beam (FEB) from a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Th
9、e signals of DNA translocation through nanopores had been recorded, leading a step toward single-molecule DNA sequencing using graphene nanopores. We have previously designed an single-molecule DNA sequencing method using nanopores made of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) assisted with exonuclea
10、ses. The four kinds of enzymatically released 2-deoxyribonucleoside 5 monophosphates, or dNMPs dAMP, CMP, dGMP, and dTMP which are negatively charged in a solution under neutral to higher pH, will sequentially pass through the nanopore while migrating from the cathode to the anode, when they are dri
11、ven by an applied electric field. Different kinds of dNMPs will leave a distinct signature because of their distinctive spatial configurations. We used SWNT nanopores to control the two dimensions (diameter and length) of the nanopores. The advantages of such pores includes as high as thousand times
12、 of aspect ratio, which, in combination with atomic smoothness of the inside wall of the pore, would pomise a high detection accuracy, and resovle the incapability of base-by-base discrimination in DNA sequencing by threading with solid-state nanopore, which is too deep for individual base identific
13、ation . We have obtained some preliminary results in this experiment. Another part of this dissertation, fabrication of single-molecule chips was performed -VI- 上海交通大学硕士学位论文 in order to upgrade chips used in second-generation sequencing into those in the third-generation. Biotinylated DNA molecules
14、were conjugated to streptavidin (STV). Conjugates containing single DNA molecule were separated from the mixture through electrophoresis in agarose gels, and were labeledd with DNA dyes. Nanowell arrays with diameter of about 30 nm to hold single DNA-STV conjugates were fabricated on quartz substrat
15、es, which was covered with a layer of ion-sputtered gold film (around 10 nm of thickness), by using FIB to drill nanoholes through the gold film till quartz substrate with a center-to-center periodic distance of 500 nm. Then, bottom quartz in nanowells were functionalized with biotin. Conjugates wer
16、e loaded onto the nano well array followed by characterization by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM). KEYWORDS: Single-Molecule, Sequencing, Chip, Nanopore, Nanoarray, Graphene, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWNT) 上海交通大学硕士学位论文 目录 第 1 章绪论 . 1 1.1弓丨 W . 1 1.2 DNA测序技术进展 . 2 1.2.
17、1 Sanger双脱氧终止法测序技术 . 2 1.2.2第二代测序技术 . 4 1.2.2.1基于边合成边测序的二代测序技术 ( sequencing by synthesis, SBS) . 4 1.2.2.1.1 Illumina 公司的 Solexa 技术 . 4 1.2.2.1.2罗氏公司的焦磷酸测序技术 ( 454) . 5 1.2.2.1.3基于公式一的其他 SBS测序方法 . 7 1.2.2.1.4基于可逆染料的 SBS测序方法 . 8 1.2.2.2 基于连接法的二代测序技术 ( sequencing by ligation, SBL) . 9 1.2.2.3 基于杂交法测序的
18、二代测序技术 ( sequencing by hybridization, SBH) .11 1.2.3第二代测序技术 . 11 1.2.3.1单分子合成测序技术 . 11 1.2.3.1.1分步合成测序 . 11 1.2.3.1.2实时检测测序 . 13 1.2.3.2纳米孔测序技术 . 15 1.2.3.2.1纳米孔直接测序 . 15 1.2.3.2.2结合纳米孔的其他测序技术 . 20 1.2.3.3显微镜类单分子测序 . 23 1.3研究内容 . 26 第 2章基于纳米孔的单分子 DNA测序基础研究 . 28 2.1材料与仪器 . 28 2.1.1实验材料与试剂 . 28 2.1.2实
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