2022年遗传流行病学- .pdf
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1、1遗传流行病学简介李辉北京协和医学院流行病学系2007 年12月Introduction? The mapping of the human genome and tremendous advances in molecularbiology will forever change epidemiologic research on disease etiology.? Modern epidemiologists find themselves armed with several new strategies to assess precursors of disease, identif
2、y biologic markers of exposure, and search for the biologic basis for responses.Genetic EpidemiologyParent sciences (genetics & epidemiology) share common goals but they differ in their histories & perspectives.Genetic EpidemiologyGeneticsEpidemiologyA hybrid science focusing on complexdiseases(wher
3、e both genetic & environmental factors contribute to etiology of disease)Landmarks in Genetic EpidemiologyA new journal GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY1984Lillienfieldsuggests family studies can assess interaction between genetic & environmental risk factors1964Neel & Schullargue genetics should be part of mod
4、ern epidemiology1954CommentsYearInternational Genetic Epidemiology Society is formed.1990“Mixed ” models allow tests of genetic vs. environmental causes of familial resemblance1974Comparing genetics & epidemiologyMostly on common diseasesOften on rare diseasesEtiologic factors in disease & methods o
5、f controlMechanisms of inheritance & gene expressionFocusDescriptive & AnalyticBreeding & ExperimentalMethodologicscience of Public HealthBiologic science of inheritanceOriginsEpidemiologyGeneticsComparing genetics & epidemiology (cont d)?Diseases of interest (heart disease, cancer,diabetes)?Prevent
6、/control diseaseOver-lapUnderstand disease etiology & distributionUnderstand mechanisms of inheritanceGoals1.Descriptive Studies2.Case/Control3.Cohort Designs4.Clinical Trials1.Family Studies2.Laboratory Methods3.Statistical Models4.Population ModelsTools 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - -
7、 - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 2What is Genetic Epidemiology ? Phillippe(1982) :Genetic epidemiology studies the interaction between genetic and environmental factors at the origin of disease.? King (1984) :Genetic epidemiology is the study of how and why diseases c
8、luster in families and ethnic groups.遗传流行病学定义遗传流行病学借助于群体遗传学的理论、分子遗传学的实验手段,结合流行病学的研究设计方法,应用生物统计学的数据分析模型,以求阐明与疾病的遗传因素、环境因素及其交互作用。遗传流行病学研究的核心问题(1)疾病或性状是否有家庭聚集性?(2)能否用基因或共同环境暴露来解释家庭聚集性?(3)最佳的遗传模式是什么?(4)复杂疾病或性状的基因能否定位?(5)基因如何影响疾病?遗传流行病学研究内容? 研究内容:? 研究群体中遗传现状的分布及其影响因素,包括遗传和环境因素? 研究疾病的家庭聚集性及其影响因素,包括遗传和环境因素
9、? 研究一切与遗传有关的疾病的遗传机制 染色体异常引起的疾病 单基因异常引起的疾病 多基因异常引起的疾病? 构建疾病病因假说:基因与环境相互作用导致许多疾病发生遗传流行病学基本术语ABab等位基因:A位点: A, aB位点: B, b复等位基因:A位点: a, b, cB位点: e, f , g基因型:A位点: AA, Aa, aaB位点: BB, Bb, bb单体型:AB, abAB位点名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - -
10、 - - 3? Locus :A specific position on the genome.? Alleles :alternative forms of DNA sequence that occur at a locus/gene. (e.g. the A, B, O alleles of the ABO gene).Codominant: If both alleles of a pair are expressed in the heterozygous state. (e.g. AB)Dominant : The expression of a gene is the same
11、 in heterozygous as in homozygous. (e.g. A vs O). In some situation the homozygous state can produce a more severe phenotypeRecessive : The phenotype of a gene is expressed in the homozygous state. (e.g. O vsA)? Genotype : The particular set of alleles that an individual has at a given region of the
12、 genome. (e.g. AB, AO, BO, OO)? Phenotype (or trait): The observable properties and characteristics of an individual or a locus. (e.g. AB, A, B, O)? Haplotype :A particular combination of alleles that are closely linked on a chromosome. (e.g. A, B allele an AB haplotypein a chromosome)? Polymorphism
13、: A region of the genome that varies between individual members of a population 三代多态性标记? RFLP: 第一代多态性标记;? 重复序列多态性 : 特别是那些可通过PCR方法检测的短串重复序列(short tandemrepeat, STR) ,被称第二代多态性标记;? 单碱基多态性 (SNP): 是序列的单个碱基的差别,被称为第三代多态性标记。RFLP ,特殊的 SNP,也可由重复序列造成? 突变与多态性 :突变 产生多态性 ( 在群体中存在多种形式)在群体中突变是罕见的 ;如果一个突变在群体中成为常见 ,这
14、个变异便被认为是群体的多态性;罕见与常见的划分是武断的! 通常将pM 0.01 或 0.05 作为多态性的界限Pedigree Drawings -Symbolsaffected maleunaffected femaleSex unknowndeceasedProband名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 4Pedigree DrawingsfounderNon founderDizygotic twins Mo
15、nozygotic twins Autosomal Dominant PedigreeAutosomal Recessive Pedigree减数分裂 /重组/连锁? 重组:在减数分裂过程中,两条染色体上不同位点的等位基因发生互换? 连锁:同一条染色体上两个位点的等位基因作为一个单位从亲代传递给子代? 重组率 ():用于判定是否存在连锁 0.5: 两位点形成的四种单体型的概率相同,即重组和非重组单体型数相同为1:1 时,两位点不存在连锁0 0.5: 重组单体型数低于非重组单体型数时,存在连锁? 检验两位点是否存在连锁即检验重组率()是否等于 0.5Hardy-Weinberg Equilibr
16、ium(HWE)Example: allele system(e.g. SNP marker)? 等位基因频率的计算:Frequency of allele1: p= (2N11+ N12) 2NFrequency of allele2: q= (2N22+ N12) 2N? Expected proportions of heterozygotes andhomozygotes:1 1 = p21 2 = 2pq2 2 = q2? A SNP is genotyped and genotype counts areobserved as follows:Distribution of Gen
17、otypes Observed: (in 500 subjects)1 1 3001 2 5002 2 200?The allele frequency for the allele 1:p=(600+500)/2000=0.55The allele frequency for the allele 2 q=(500+400)/2000=0.45note: q=(1-p) 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 5?H
18、ere: p=0.55 The following frequencies for the 1 1 (p2), 1 2 (2pq) and 2 2 (p2) genotypes are expected. p2=0.3025, 2pq=0.4950 q2= 0.2025The expected number of 1 1, 1 2 and 2 2 genotypes under complete HWEare as follows:# 1 1 genotypes = 0.3025 x 1,000 = 302.5# 1 2 genotypes = 0.495 x 1,000 = 495# 2 2
19、 genotypes = 0.2025 x 1,000 = 202.5?HWE Significant test:(observed-Expected)22 = -ExpectedGenotypesObservedExpected1 1 300302.51 2500495.02 2200202.52 = (300-302.5)2/302.5+(500-495)2/495+(200-202.5)2/202.5=0.102 p=0.75(df = 1)连锁平衡 (Linkage Equilibrium)?Alleles in random association are said to be in
20、 linkage equilibrium.1(1- PB)PB合计(1- PA)(1-PA) (1- PB)(1-PA)PBaPAPA (1-PB)PAPBAbB合计标记位点B疾病位点A? 设: PA=0.2 and Pa=1- PA=0.8; PB=0.4 and Pb=1- PB=0.6? 连锁平衡 : 指减数分裂过程中,A 和 B两位点的等位基因组合的单体型达到随机组合,即= 0 时为连锁平衡;本例A和B两位点期望的单体型频率:AB: P eAB= PAPB = 0.2x0.4 = 0.08Ab: P eAb= PAPb= PA(1- PB) = 0.2x0.6 = 0.12aB: P
21、eaB= PaPB= (1- PA)PB= 0.8x0.4 = 0.32ab: P eab= PaPb= (1- PA)(1- PB) = 0.8x0.6 = 0.48 = PAPBx PaPb- PAPbx PbPA= 0.08X.048-0.12X0.32 = 0连锁不平衡 (Linkage Disequilibrium)?Alleles not in random association are said to be in linkage disequilibrium 连锁不平衡 : 病例组中 A和B两位点等位基因组合的单体型频率不等于随机组合期望频率,即01 时为连锁不平衡?Examp
22、le:Observed the following data for 100 ChromosomesObserved FrequencyA1B1 = Po11 = 18 0.18A1B2= Po12= 2 0.02 A2B1= Po21= 420.42 A2B2= Po22= 380.38(D) = Po11 Po22 Po12 Po21= 0.18x0.38 0.02x0.42=0.06?Conclusion: alleles 1, 2 are in linkage disequilibrium 连锁不平衡 (LD)? 采用病例 -对照研究, LD可以把未发现的致病基因定位于已经发现的遗传标
23、记上? LD 对所研究的人群而言是特异的? LD 随人群的不同而发生变化? 由于重组作用(即遗传学距离),LD 程度随时间减弱,但两位点处紧密连锁时,LD 可能持续很长时间? 连锁和不连锁是指两位点间的关系,只能通过家系资料才能检测到? 连锁平衡和不平衡是指两位点疾病基因和标记基因有无关联,是指两特定的等位基因间的关系遗传流行病学研究方法? 群体研究:?移民流行病学研究? 生态学研究? 病例对照研究 /队列研究 /现况研究? 家系研究:? 双生子研究? 核心家系和系谱研究? 养子研究? 病例-父母研究? 病例-同胞研究名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - -
24、 - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 6几种常用的遗传流行病学设计与分析方法? 移民流行病学研究设计( migration study design )? 以人群为基础的病例对照研究设计( population-based case-control study design)? 遗传学传统的家系研究设计( family study design )? 以家系为基础的病例对照研究设计( family-based case-control study design)? 以人群为基础的病例对照家系
25、设计( population-based case-control family design)研究设计可有重叠人群研究生态学比较移民研究通婚研究病例对照研究单纯病例研究病例非血缘关系对照研究家系研究双生子和同胞对核心家系和系谱多家系中的连锁分析病例血缘亲属对照研究家庭为基础的关联研究远交研究系谱登记养子登记生命统计记录疾病登记移民流行病学研究设计移民研究? 原理:根据移民、原籍居民、移居国三者的疾病频率的差异来推测疾病可能的病因。 原籍国居民疾病频率为: CO 移民的疾病频率为:M 移居国居民的疾病频率为:CA? 当 M CO 并且 M CA 时,提示疾病发生主要与环境因素有关? 当 M C
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