2021年考研真题2021年考研英语真题和答案.doc

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1、2021年考研真题_2021年考研英语真题和答案2021年考研英语真题和答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following te_t.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly e_p

2、eriments described in Carl Zimmers piece in the Science Times on Tuesday.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives.This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-pric

3、ed option.It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual 7 instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? Thats

4、the question behind this new research.I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be.This is 12 the mind of every animal Ive ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes

5、me wonder what e_periments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain.The

6、y would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is.18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1.A Suppose B Consider C Observe D Imagine 2.A tended B feared C happe

7、ned D threatened 3.A thinner B stabler C lighter D dimmer 4.A tendency B advantage C inclination D priority 5.A insists on B sums up C turns out D puts forward 6.A off B behind C over D along 7.A incredible B spontaneous Cinevitable D gradual 8.A fight B doubt C stop D think 9.A invisible B limited

8、C indefinite D different 10.A upward B forward C afterward D backward 11.A features B influences C results D costs 12.A outside B on C by D across 13.A deliver B carry C perform D apply 14.A by chance B in contrast C as usual D for instance 15.A if B unless C as D lest 16.A moderate B overe C determ

9、ine D reach 17.A at B for C after D with 18.A Above all B After all C However D Otherwise 19.A fundamental B prehensive C equivalent D hostile 20.A By accident B In time C So far D Better still Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the following four te_ts.Answer the questions below

10、each te_t by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Te_t1 Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and rela_ing into the unconscious fort of familiar routine.“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wor

11、dsworth said in the 19th century.In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same conte_t as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, w

12、e create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocus, theyre there to stay.Instead, the new habits we deliberately in

13、grain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an e_ecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.“But we are taught instead to decide

14、, just as our president calls himself the Decider. ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always e_ploring the many other possibilities.” All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware, she says.Researchers in the l

15、ate 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively.At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed

16、 most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do an

17、ything,” e_plains M.J.Ryan, author of the 20_6 book “This Year I Will.” and Ms.Markovas business partner.“Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters monness.Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates e_cellence.” This is where developing new habits es in.21.The view of Wo

18、rdsworth habit is claimed by being A.casual B.familiar C.mechanical D.changeable.22.The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be A.predicted B.regulated C.traced D.guided 23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to A.tracks B.series C.characteristics D.connectio

19、ns 24.Ms.Markovas ments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formed B, no longer emphasizes monness C, maintains the inherent American thinking model D, plies with the American belief system 25.Ryan most probably agree that A.ideas are born of a rela_ing

20、mind B.innovativeness could be taught C.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas D.curiosity activates creative minds Te_t 2 It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that hes the kids dad.All he needs to do is shell o

21、ur $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first bee available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-co

22、unter kits.More than two dozen panies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate ge

23、nealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the pany for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to pare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is

24、a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist.He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single linea

25、ge, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal geic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for e_le, just three generations back people also have si_ other great-grandparents or, f

26、our generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that mercial geic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sle is pared.Databases used by some panies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different resea

27、rch projects.This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the pany that processes the results.In addition, the puter programs a pany uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the te_t shows PTKs _.Aeasy av

28、ailability Bfle_ibility in pricing C successful promotion D popularity with households 27.PTK is used to _.Alocate ones birth place Bpromote geic research C identify parent-child kinship D choose children for adoption 28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_.Atrace distant ance

29、stors B rebuild reliable bloodlines C fully use geic information D achieve the claimed accuracy 29.In the last paragraph ,a problem mercial geic testing faces is _.Adisorganized data collection B overlapping database building 30.An appropriate title for the te_t is most likely to be_.AFors and Again

30、sts of DNA testing B DNA testing and Its problems CDNA testing outside the lab D lies behind DNA testing Te_t 3 The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary f

31、or the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that is it, because new educational

32、systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result,

33、radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak.The U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S.economic perf

34、ormance.Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S.workers received on the

35、job.More recently, while e_aming housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Me_ican workers in Houston, Te_as, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the ple_ity of the building industrys work.What is the real relationship bet

36、ween education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it.After all, thats how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to won

37、der much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanitys productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education.This increasingly high level of education is probably a nec

38、essary, but not a sufficient, condition for the ple_ political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education, however,

39、doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future.On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity e_plain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in paragraph 1 that the importa

40、nt of education in poor countries _.A is subject groundless doubts B has fallen victim of bias C is conventional downgraded D has been overestimated 32.It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _.Achallenges economists and politicians Btakes efforts of generations C dem

41、ands priority from the government D requires sufficient labor force 33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _.A the Japanese workforce is better disciplined B the Japanese workforce is more productive Cthe U.S workforce has a better education D the U.S workforce is more

42、 organize 34.The author es the e_le of our ancestors to show that education emerged _.A when people had enough time B prior to better ways of finding food C when people on longer went hung D as a result of pressure on government 35.According to the last paragraph , development of education _.A resul

43、ts directly from petitive environments B does not depend on economic performance C follows improved productivity D cannot afford political changes Te_t 4 The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According t

44、o the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in America

45、n intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our e_amination of southern intellectual life, we may consider

46、the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education

47、 and influence in England.Besides the niy or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.There men wrote and published e_tensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well