it作形式主语ppt课件.ppt

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1、“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。为避免主语冗长为避免主语冗长, ,句子头重脚轻句子头重脚轻, ,经常经常用用it作形式主语作形式主语, ,主语从句放在后面作主语从句放在后面作真正的主语。真正的主语。1. It is certain that he will succeed.2. It is not

2、known whether he will go there.3. It has not been decided yet when theyll start the project.“It” is used as empty subject.形式主语形式主语“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。1. It is 名词名词 从句从句 It is a fact that 事实是事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸非常荣幸 It is common k

3、nowledge that 是常识是常识能获邀参加你们的婚礼真是不胜荣幸能获邀参加你们的婚礼真是不胜荣幸风就是流动的空气风就是流动的空气,这是常识这是常识可惜他由于一个拼写错误没有得满分可惜他由于一个拼写错误没有得满分Its a great honor that I have been invited to your wedding.Its common knowledge that wind is moving/flowing air.Its a pity that he didnt get full marks because of a spelling mistake.句型句型1. “雪

4、亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。2. It is + adj. +从句从句 Its certain that 肯定肯定 It is possible that. 很可能很可能 It is unlikely that. 不可能不可能 It is obvious that 很明显很明显 It is necessary important natural. that*_(很可能很可能)she will come back tomorrow.*_(很明显很明显)this m

5、easure is effective.+(should) +doIt is possible thatIt is obvious that句型句型2. “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。另注意在主语从句中用来表示另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，等语气时，谓语动词要用谓语动词要用 虚拟语气虚拟语气 “(should) +do”，常用的句型有：，常用的句型有： It is necessary (import

6、ant, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。3. It happens (seems, looks, appears ) 3. It happens (seems, looks, appears ) that.that.该句型中该句型中it是形式主语，是形式主语，that 引导的是主语引导的是

7、主语从句从句,主句中的主句中的happen, seem 等词是不及物动词等词是不及物动词 It happened ( so happened ) that he met his It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. teacher in the street. 碰巧碰巧It seems that he will be back in a few days. It seems that he will be back in a few days. 句型句型3. It seems that sb. do

8、/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/to be done/to have beenIt seemed that he had been to Beijing before .=He seemed to have been to Beijing before. “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。It +不及物动词不及物动词+从句从句 It happened tha

9、t. 碰巧碰巧 It occurred to me that我突然想起我突然想起*_(刚好刚好)I came into the office at that time.*_(我突然想起我突然想起)I forget to sent the letter.It happened thatIt occurred to me that“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。句型句型4. 据说他读过这篇小说据说他读过这篇小说 . Itwassaidthat he had read

10、 this novel.=He was said tohave read this novel. It + be + -ed 分词分词+ that-从句从句It is said that 据说It is known that 据了解It is reported that据报道It is believed that据认为 “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。 据说她两年前在美国留学据说她两年前在美国留学 Its said that he studied in Amer

11、ica two years ago 2. 据说她现在正在美国留学据说她现在正在美国留学 Its said that he is now studying in America 3.据说她现在懂三国外语据说她现在懂三国外语 Its said that he knows three foreign languagesHe is said to have studied in America two years ago.He is said to be studying in America now.He is said to know three foreign languages.“雪亮工程是以

12、区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。It is suggested ( ordered, required . ) It is suggested ( ordered, required . ) that .that .该句型和上一个同属一个句型。主句中的该句型和上一个同属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时，过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时，that 后的从句要用虚拟语气（后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），动词原形），should 可以省

13、。常译为可以省。常译为“ 据建议；有命据建议；有命令令）”。 It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. off. It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours.two hours. 注意注意“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平

14、台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。It is doubtful whether she will be able to come她是否能来还不还说。她是否能来还不还说。It was clear enough what she meant.她的意思还不太清楚。她的意思还不太清楚。It wont make too much difference whether he will join us.他是否参加我们队不会太重要。他是否参加我们队不会太重要。Has it been found out who set the record?

15、是谁破了纪录弄清楚了吗？是谁破了纪录弄清楚了吗？“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。5、可用、可用whether和疑问词引导从句的有：和疑问词引导从句的有： It is doubtful (not known, not decided, not made clear, to be found out, being considered, a mystery, a question, + that/whether句型句型5It is still a question

16、when we shall have our sports meeting. It is a mystery to me how it all happened.这事是怎么发生的还是个谜。这事是怎么发生的还是个谜。It hasnt made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.新路什么时候通车还不清楚。新路什么时候通车还不清楚。“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。It doesnt matter ho

17、w/ whether 结构结构中的主语从句不可提前。中的主语从句不可提前。 该句型中该句型中whether (if) 引引导的从句是真正主语，该句型常译导的从句是真正主语，该句型常译为为“不论（是否）不论（是否） 没关系没关系。It doesnt matter if they are old. It doesnt matter if they are old. It doesnt matter who will go instead of me.谁代替我去不重要。谁代替我去不重要。句型句型6It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)

18、Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong)“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。该句型是强调句型。被强调部分可以是主语，该句型是强调句型。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that 可以由可以由 who 换用。换用。It was It was about 600 years agoabout 600 years ago that the first

19、that the first clock was made. clock was made. It was It was they they that (who ) cleaned the that (who ) cleaned the classroom yesterday. classroom yesterday. It was It was in the streetin the street that I met her father that I met her father. . 7. It is + 被强调部分被强调部分 + that .“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区

20、）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。1.正确选用正确选用is 或或was.2. 强调部分是人，可以用强调部分是人，可以用who.3. 强调主语，强调主语，that 或或who 后面的后面的谓语形式与主语一致谓语形式与主语一致不能强调谓语不能强调谓语 注意注意“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。8. It is not until + 8. It is not until + 被强

21、调部分被强调部分 + that .+ that . 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语间状语，译成汉语 “直到直到才才”，可，可以说是以说是 not . until . 的强调形式。的强调形式。=It was not until she took off her dark glasses that =It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.I realized she was a famous film s

22、tar.I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.took off her dark glasses. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.realiz

23、e she was a famous film star.“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。9. It is the first ( second ) time that 9. It is the first ( second ) time that 该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。什么完

24、成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中该结构中 that 可以省去；可以省去；it 有时用有时用 this 替换，替换，常译为常译为“是第一（二）是第一（二）次次”。 It (This) is the first time I have been here. It (This) is the first time I have been here. It ( This) was the first time I had

25、 been here.It ( This) was the first time I had been here.“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。10. It is since .10. It is since . 该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，又要该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，又要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中是时间作表语，其时态是现在时或完成时，是时间作表语，其时态是现在时或完成时，since

26、 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。时。 It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died. “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。It was 1949 when I was born.It was in 1949 that I was born.区别句下面这个句子：区别句下面这个句

27、子：11. It is . when .11. It is . when . 该句型中的该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的从句，主句中的 it 指时间，表语由具体的时指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为间充当。常译为“当当的时候，是的时候，是”。 It was 5 oclock when he came here.It was 5 oclock when he came here. 强调句型强调句型时间状语从句时间状语从句“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应

28、用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。12. It be . before .12. It be . before .该句型主句中的该句型主句中的 it 指时间指时间, 主句中的时态常主句中的时态常是一般是一般将来将来时或过去时两种时态主句中的时或过去时两种时态主句中的表语多是表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为“之之后后”。 It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. It wi

29、ll be not long before he finishes his It will be not long before he finishes his job. job. “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。要过好几个月她才会适应这项工作要过好几个月她才会适应这项工作It will be months before she is fit for the job.It will be months before she is fit for the job.

30、过了一星期他回来了过了一星期他回来了It was a week before he came backIt was a week before he came back.过了不久，她认识到她错了过了不久，她认识到她错了It was not long before she realized she was wrong.It was not long before she realized she was wrong.他离开中国已经他离开中国已经10年了年了It is 10 years since he left China.It is 10 years since he left China.如

31、以过去某一时间为基点，则为：如以过去某一时间为基点，则为：It was 10 years since He had left China.区别句意区别句意：It is three years since I It is three years since I livedlived here. here.It is three years since I It is three years since I have livedhave lived here. here.It is three years since I It is three years since I began to liv

32、ebegan to live here here. .我不住在这里已经有三年了。后两句的含义是：我住在这里已经有三年了。后两句的含义是：我住在这里已经有三年了。“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。It is + 段时间段时间 + since. / It has been + 段时间段时间 + since.表示表示“从从起已有多长时间起已有多长时间了了” 。It is three years since he smoked. 他不吸烟已有他不吸烟已有 3 年了。年了。

33、 试比较：试比较：It is three years since he began to smoke. It is three years since he has smoked. 两句均意为：他吸烟已有两句均意为：他吸烟已有 3 年了。年了。用法：用法：since 从句中常用一般过去时，从句中常用一般过去时，(1)若从句中是持续若从句中是持续性动词的一般过去时，性动词的一般过去时， 则表示该动作结束有多长时间则表示该动作结束有多长时间 了了则翻译为则翻译为“已经不再已经不再多长时间了多长时间了”； ，(2)若是短暂性若是短暂性动词，的一般过去时，则表示该动作发生后，距离现在有动词，的一般过去

34、时，则表示该动作发生后，距离现在有多长时间了则翻译为多长时间了则翻译为“已经已经.多长时间了多长时间了” (3)若是持续若是持续性动词的现在完成时，性动词的现在完成时， 则表示动作和状态延续到现在则表示动作和状态延续到现在 (说说话时刻话时刻)， 其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。 “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。注意：在这种结构中，注意：在这种结构中， since 引导的从句绝对不能引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语

35、动词来表示否定意义。用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义。 他好久没学汉语了。 误：It is a long time since he didnt study Chinese. 正：Its a long time since he studied Chinese. (studied 为持续性动词， 应从其动作结束时算起) It is three years since I was a college student.我已经毕业三年了。我已经毕业三年了。It is three years since I became/have been a college student.我成为一名大学生已经两年

36、了我成为一名大学生已经两年了“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。13. It takes sb. to do sth.13. It takes sb. to do sth.该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，it是是形式主语，句型中的直接宾语是时间。形式主语，句型中的直接宾语是时间。常译为常译为“做做要花费某人要花费某人”。 It took thousands of people many years It took thousands of

37、 people many years to build the Great Wall.to build the Great Wall. “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。14. It is no good (use ) doing sth.14. It is no good (use ) doing sth.该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是句中的表语可以是no good , ( not any good ) ,

38、no use , ( not any use )。 It is no good learning English without It is no good learning English without speaking English.speaking English. It is no use for him to learn English It is no use for him to learn English without speaking it.without speaking it.“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以

39、网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。15. It looks ( seems ) as if .15. It looks ( seems ) as if . 该句型中该句型中it 无意义。无意义。 as if 引导一个状引导一个状语从句。常译为，语从句。常译为，“看起来好象看起来好象 如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气 It looks as if he is ill.It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）（真的病了） It looks as if he were ill. It looks as i

40、f he were ill. （没有生病）（没有生病） It seemed as if he were dying. It seemed as if he were dying. “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由的逻辑主语是由 of 引起，主句中的形容词必须是引起，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常见的有能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常见的有: bad

41、, brave, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, good (好心的好心的), honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice (有教养的有教养的), polite, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong (错误的错误的)等。等。 这个句型可以改写为：这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth. It is kind of you to say so. It is kind of you to say so. You are kind to say so.

42、 You are kind to say so. “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。17. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth.17. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 该句型与上一个同属一个句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语该句型与上一个同属一个句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由是由for 引起，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫引起，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性性,频繁程度频繁

43、程度,难易难易,安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有：安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有：在在中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写，如：中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写，如： It is important for her to come to the party. It is important for her to come to the party. It is important that she (should ) come to the It is important that she (should ) come to the party party “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（

44、社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。（2）It is said /reported结构中的主语从句不可提前。结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：例如： It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens

45、/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. That he failed in the examination occurred to him. “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely t

46、hat it will rain in the evening? (right)Is that it will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)（4）It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共

47、安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。1.It now appears _ they are in need of help. A. that B. which C. what D. how2.It is good news _ they will arrive in a few days. A. which B. what C. that D. how3.It _ Joe drives badly. A. thought that B. thinks that C. is thought D. is thought that“雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中

48、心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。4.I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesnt matter _that Im talking to.A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom 5. It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today

49、. A. that B. when C. what D. how 选C，从句缺少主语，what正好可以作为主语，意思大家知道是什么控制着二氧化碳进出大气层。 “雪亮工程是以区（县）、乡（镇）、村（社区）三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。6.It is important that _ our education in all available ways. A. we must develop B. we shall develop C. we would develop D. we should deve

50、lop7.It is necessary that _ by the end of the week. A. we got everything ready B. we have got everything ready C. We get everything ready D. we must get everything ready 8.It was natural that _. A. my pictures would surprise them B. my pictures surprised them C. my pictures should surprise them D. m