2021届高考英语二轮复习备考专项冲刺专题01名词含解析.doc

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1、专题01 【名词】解题指导触类旁通寻方法，求策略，掌握“套路”判断词性，确定名词单复数1根据题干的语法结构，特别是设空前的限定词判断词性：冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。2根据句法结构判断词性：如果所填词在句中作主语、宾语、同位语时，一般用所给词的名词形式。3确定词性为名词后，根据常用的前后缀将所给词转换成适当的形式，然后再根据名词本身确定可数与不可数，如果名词可数，则需根据名词前的限定词或修饰语，确定名词的单复数形式。不定冠词a、 an后用单数名词。名词前有one of the时用复数名词。名词前有many、 several、 few、 a few、 a number o

2、f、 hundreds of、 a couple of、 a dozen of、 all、 both、 other等词时，填复数名词。名词前有超过1的基数词，如two、 three等时，填复数。名词前有形容词different、 various等时，填复数名词。4. 利用谓语的数来确定名词的单复数形式。所填名词作主语，且谓语动词是复数形式are、 were、 have等，填复数名词。所填名词作主语，且谓语动词是单数，则填单数名词。5. 提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需改变，则考虑用所给名词的复数形式，同时注意不规则变化的情况。6. 牢记习惯上用复数形式的名词或短语belongings/

3、possessions “财物”；congratulations “祝贺”；surroundings “环境”；good manners “礼貌”；take turns “轮流”；take pains “努力”；in all directions “向四面八方”；in ruins “成为废墟”； in high spirits “兴致勃勃”；living conditions “生活条件”等。7. 牢记永远不可数的重点名词：fun “乐趣”；furniture “家具”；information “信息”；progress “进步”；advice “建议”；weather “天气”；equipm

4、ent “设备”； knowledge “知识”；homework “家庭作业”； housework “家务活”； work“工作”； luggage/baggage “行李”。同一个名词如experience、 success等有可数和不可数的用法。8. 注意名词所有格与名词作定语的区别名词所有格表示名词之间的所有或所属关系；名词作定语用来修饰另一个名词，表材料、类别、用途等。考点突破针对提能明考点，攻重难，有效提升考点一 名词的数名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分，不可数名词没有复数形式。1可数名词单复数的变化规则可数名词

5、复数的规则变化变化规则例 词一般情况下在词尾直接加smouthmouthshousehouses以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词在词尾加esglassglasses matchmatches以辅音字母加y结尾的名词变y为i再加escountrycountries factoryfactories以元音字母加y结尾的名词在词尾直接加sholidayholidays monkeymonkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加spianopianos photophotos有些在词尾加esheroheroes potatopotatoes以f, fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v加esselfselvesw

6、olfwolves少数直接加sroofroofsbeliefbeliefs名词复数的不规则变化单复数同形deer, sheep, Chinese, means(方式，方法), series, species词形变化manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, toothteeth, footfeet, mousemice合成名词的复数将主体名词变为复数：passerbypassersby, lookeronlookerson无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾：grownupgrownups, standbystandbys名词前有man或woman修饰man/wo

7、man和中心词都要变为复数形式：woman doctorwomen doctors, man waitermen waiters【名师点津】(1)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks, congratulations, wishes, greetings, shoes, trousers, works(著作；工厂), manners(礼貌), instructions(操作说明), directions(用法说明), papers(试卷；文件), times(时代)等。(2)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有：take turns to do sth., in high spirits

8、, make friends with, shake hands with, make preparations for, make both ends meet, take pains to do sth.等。2不可数名词(1)常考的不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, equipment, fun, luggage, lu

9、ck, work(工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word(消息), room(空间), man(人类)等。【名师点津】word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。(2)抽象名词的具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)in surprise惊讶地a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功a success一个成功的人/一件成功的事win honour赢得荣誉an honour一个值得尊敬的人/一

10、件值得尊敬的事failure失败a failure一个失败的人/一件失败的事by experience靠经验an experience一次经历with pleasure乐意a pleasure一件乐事考点二 名词的格1s所有格主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词，其变化方法如下：构成例词一般是在名词词尾加sJohns home约翰的家以s或es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加students textbooks 学生们的课本词尾不带(e)s的复数名词，仍加schildrens game 孩子们的游戏2of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用o

11、f所有格。the title of the article文章的标题the name of the girl over there 那边那位女孩的名字3双重所有格双重所有格的构成为：“名词of名词s”或“名词of 名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，名词前可用a，any，some，a few，two，this，that，these, those 等修饰，但不能用the。a picture of my mothers 我母亲的一张照片this little cat of your sisters 你妹妹的这只小猫【名师点津】(1)表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可

12、以借助s 表示所有关系。a weeks holiday一周的假thirty minutes ride 三十分钟的车程(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop, office, house, home 等常省去。at the doctors (office) 在(医生的)诊所里at Mr.Greens (house) 在格林先生家 跟踪检测迁移应用练模拟，练规范，夯基提能 I.高考真题诊断单句语法填空1. (2020全国新高考I）Write a poem about how courage, determination,and_（strong) have helped you fac

13、e challenges in your life.2. (2020全国卷II)Chinese New Year is a _（celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.3. (2020全国卷III）Filled with _（curious),the artist packed his bags and left.4. (2019全国卷I)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in b

14、ear sightings around human settlements, leading to a _（believe) that populations are increasing.5. (2020全国卷I)The far side of the moon is of particular _（interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山），more so than the familiar near side.【答案详解】1.答案：strength 解析：分析句子结构可知，and前后为并列关系

15、，设空处要用名词，strong的名词形式是 strength.2.答案：celebration 解析：不定冠词a后接名词。故填 celebration.3.答案：curiosity 解析：with为介词，后跟名词curiosity 作宾语，表示“好奇心”。故填 curiosity.4.答案：belief 解析：根据空前不定冠词和空后的同位语从句可知，空处为名词形式，故填 belief.5.答案：interest 解析：根据空前的形容词 particular 可知，空处应填名词，interest 是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“（某物）使某人感兴趣”。故填 inte

16、rest.II.精选典题名词专题对点训练单句语法填空6Well, we certainly know from _ (evident) in the sleep center and that of many other scientists that naps can give you benefits for both your brain and your body.7. Sometimes theres so much work for you to deal with and you feel its beyond your ability tofulfill it. Actuall

17、y, you can take (measure) to help yourself.8. My first _（impress)of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.9. There is also new evidence that green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies. It isespecially effective at ridding bacteria of your (tooth) and keep them healthy!10. It

18、thinks that Singlish may hurt peoples (able) to speak standard English and make it hard for them to communicate with foreigners.11. The robot can show emotions, like anger and _ (sad) and change into different moods, depending on the topics she is talking about.12. Once I broke a (neighbor) window.

19、Seeing nobody around, I ran away immediately.13. Mount Vesuvius had not erupted for centuries,so the people of Pompeii felt that they were in_（safe).14. Even though there werent (leaf) on the trees, yet I could still hear birds singing songs of spring.15. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an imp

20、ortant part of Chinese culture. Great (success) have been made in many areas through TCM cures.【答案详解】6.答案：evidence介词from后边跟名词做宾语，evidence是名词“证据”。故答案为evidence。7.答案：measures解析：句意：有时候，你有太多的工作要处理，而你觉得完成它超出了你的能力。事实上，你可以采取措施来帮助自己。measure作“措施，方法”讲时，为可数名词，take measures to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“采取措施做某事”，故此处应用复数形式。

21、8.答案：impression 解析：此处表示“我对他的第一印象”，故填impress的名词形式 impression.9.答案：teeth解析：句意：也有新的证据表明绿茶可以帮助消灭我们体内的细菌。它在去除牙齿上的细菌，保持牙齿健康方面尤其有效！根据常识可知，人的牙齿有很多颗，故空格处用所给名词的复数形式。10.答案：ability解析：句意：它认为新加坡式的英语可能会伤及人们说标准英语的能力，使他们很难与外国人交流。设空处前有名词所有格peoples修饰，应用名词。11.答案：sadness设空在句中与设空前的名词anger并列做介词like的宾语，应填名词sadness。12.答案：ne

22、ighbors解析：考查名词所有格形式。此处用名词所有格形式作定语，修饰名词window。13.答案：safety 解析：句意；维苏威火山几个世纪以来都没有爆发过，所以庞培的人们感到他们是安全的。in safety 意为“安全”，是固定短语。14.答案：leaves解析：句意：虽然树上没有树叶，但我仍然能够听到鸟儿在唱春天的赞歌。leaf作“叶子”讲时，为可数名词，根据该句中的werent可知，此处应用复数形式。15.答案：successes解析：句意：中医是中国文化的重要组成部分。中医疗法在许多领域已经取得了巨大的成功。success在此处为抽象名词具体化，表示成功的事物，为可数名词。根据空

23、后的have可知，此处应用所给名词的复数形式。III.精选典题名词专题对点训练单句改错16. My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.17. Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do.18. If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. 19. She likes to grow veg

24、etables and take care of all the houseworks.20. It was terribly hot and clouds of mosquito were feasting on my blood.【答案详解】 16.答案：honesthonesty解析：句意为“我的叔叔告诉我他成功的关键是诚实”。系动词之后的表语说明主语key是“什么”，应用名词。honest_“诚实的”，是形容词；honesty“诚实”，是名词。17.答案：jobjobs解析：“job(工作；职业)”为可数名词，其前是形容词different(不同的)做定语修饰，意为不同种类的工作，故j

25、ob应用复数形式。故job改为jobs。18.答案：knowledgesknowledge解析：句意为“如果到国外旅行，我们既能开阔视野又能获得书本上得不到的知识”。knowledge作“知识”讲时，通常情况下为表示抽象意义的名词，是不可数名词。knowledge前面偶尔可加不定冠词a，表示“某方面特定的知识”，构成“aadj.knowledgeofn.”，如a thorough knowledge of the English language “深入了解英语”。19.答案：houseworkshousework解析：housework “家务活”是不可数名词，无复数形式，故housewor

26、ks改为housework。20.答案：mosquitomosquito(e)s 解析：mosquito为可数名词，根据该句中的clouds of可知该处指一群蚊子，故用复数形式。IV.精选典题名词专题对点训练短文语法填空A young man in Wuhan. Hubei Province has become the latest Internet sensation after a video showing his heart-warming act on a subway train went viral on social 21._（medium) recently.In the

27、 video, the man can be seen holding his mobile phone in his hand after falling asleep on a Metro, with a message in large font on the screen which reads，“Please wake me if you need my seat.”The video was recorded by a fellow passenger who posted it on Weibo. The video, whose 22._（long) was just seve

28、n seconds, has been viewed more than 19 million 23._（time)in just two days.Chinese netizens were greatly touched by the young 24._（man) act and greeted him with a storm of 25._（applaud)for his kind 26._（behave). A web 27._（use)even commented,“I only needed seven 28._（second) to fall in 29._with this

29、 young man”.The humble man refused an interview 30._（invite)after becoming an Internet star and said that he just did what he felt he should. In a Weibo post, he thanked netizens for their love and praise.He said he would always fall asleep when he had nothing to do on the train but worried others m

30、ay need the seat, so he got the idea of making a message on his phone screen.【语篇解读】 文章讲述了网上播出了一段关于武汉市一名年轻男子在地铁上的感人视频，视频在社交媒体上迅速走红。21.答案：media 解析：考查名词的数。泛指各种媒体，用复数形式。22.答案： length 解析：考查词性转换。前有作定语的关系代词 whose 修饰，表；示video的长度，用名词形式。23.答案： times 解析： 考查名词的数。time在这里为可数名词，意为“次数”有 19 million修饰，故用复数形式。24.答案：ma

31、ns 解析： 考查名词的所有格。作定语修饰act,用所有格。句意中国的网民被这位小伙子的行为深深地打动，并对他的这个善举报以热烈的掌声。25.答案： applause 解析： 考查词性转换。空格所填词和前面的 of一起构成 of所有格形式，修饰前面的名词storm作定语。所以用名词形式26. 答案：bchavio(u)r 解析：考查词性转换。前由“his kind(他善良的）”作定语修饰，指他善良的行为，故填名词形式。27. 答案：user 解析： 考查词性转换。由语境和句子结构可知，该空作主语，意为“用户”句意：一位微博用户甚至评论道：我只要七秒就爱上了这个年轻人。28.答案： seconds 解析：考查名词的数。second在此用作名词，意为“秒”，是可数名词，前有数词seven修饰，用复数形式。29. 答案：love 解析：考查固定搭配。all in love with 为定搭配，意为“喜欢上，爱上”。30. 答案：invitation 解析：考查词性转换。这里指的是米访邀请，用名词形式。前有an修饰，用单数形式。