定语从句的翻译技巧2017年5月5日打印ppt课件.ppt

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1、定语从句的翻译方法根据汉语的表达习惯及对原文的忠实度，翻译这类定语从句可以采用以下六种方法。 一 前置合译法 若定语从句较短，较简单，与名词（ 先行词）的关系紧密（一般来说，紧密的，为限定性从句；不紧密的，为非限定性从句）， 限定性定语从句 及少部分非限定性从句( 较短且有描述性的非限定)， 一般将从句提在先行词之前，译成 “ 的”The action it takes at any moment cant be predicted,and people find that disturbing. 它在任何一个时刻采取的行动都无法预见，这使人们觉得有些乱。 I was, to borrow f

2、rom John, the spy who was to stay out in the cold. 借用约翰的话来说（ 插入语，作状语，译成汉语时，放在句首），我成了一个被打入冷宫的间谍. There will come a day when people all over the world will live a happy life. 全世界人民过上幸福生活的那一天（终究）是会到来的。 The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下干活的员工怕他怕得要死。 We were most impressed by

3、 the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious ill were quite aware of its potential outcome. 给我们留下极深印象的是：（ 同位语的翻译）即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人， 对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的One explanation for the pig-eating taboo is that pork that is not cooked sufficiently may spread a disease called trichinosis. 对

4、禁食猪肉的一种解释是：如果未被煮透的话，猪肉可能会传播一种叫旋毛虫病的疾病。But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。Even a skilled w

5、riter probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. 即使是老道的作家也很可能不能完全描述出决定人的面孔各不相同的所有特征。 The sun , which had hidden all day , now came out in all its splendor. （那个）整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在（ 如今）又光芒四射地露面了(介词短语做状语的翻译方法)。 The emphasis was helped by the speakers mouth, which

6、 was wide, thin and hard set. 讲话人那又阔又薄又紧绷的嘴巴有助于他加强说话的语气。 He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。二 切分重复法（ 后置分译法） 若定从较复杂， 或与先行词的关系疏松，如果把它翻译在其修饰的先行词的后面的话，会显得定语太过于臃肿和复杂，不符合汉语表达习惯时,而无法让评卷老师看的清清楚楚，明明白白。一般用分译法将从句译成一

7、个句子。 先翻主句，再翻从句，重复关系代词所指代的名词。（ 英汉两种语言的差异，英语要避免重复，汉语喜欢重复，因此，将指示代词明确之后，重复出来） Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. 即使是最老道的作家也很可能描述出全部特征，这些特征能够体现出各人面孔的不同。 He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to t

8、he struggle which today brings them ( those aims) within the reach of a majority of the human race. 他把自己非凡的才智和不倦的精力无私地奉献给了这场斗争，这场斗争（ 该斗争）今天已使人类中大多数人可以达到这些目标。三、定语从句后置 后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。这时，可以把定语从句的翻译技巧从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理。 （一）重复先

9、行词 由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。I told the story to john， who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。 We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the special committee， whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作外外贸贸合同的翻译方法受到鼓励。You，

10、whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research， have acquired a greater achievement in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。 although he lacks experience， he has enterprise and creativity， which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这

11、正是在这一翻译技巧获得成功的关键。（二）省略先行词 ，省略关系代词所指代的含义，不翻译出来 如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在“通顺、完整”的前提下，有时候可以不用重复先行词。l It is he who received the that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。 after dinner， the four

12、 key negotiators resumed their talks， which continued well into the night.l 饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜 He did not find any one in the house who particularly cared to see .他认为家里没有人特别想知道的。Carrie reached home in high good spirits，which she could scarcely conceal.嘉莉兴高采烈地回到家，想掩饰也掩饰不住。（省主语） After dinner, th

13、e four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到一直谈到深夜。深夜。He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury.他看见前面那个憔悴的白发老人，眼睛里愤怒地眼睛里愤怒地闪着红光闪着红光。 When she was lost to his view, he pursued his homeward way, glanci

14、ng up sometimes at the sky, where the clouds were sailing fast and wildly. 直到看不见她了，他才往家里走去，不时抬头望望天空，乌云在翻滚奔驰。乌云在翻滚奔驰。His wife, Betty, is a Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight, and whose book, “ Eight Moon”, tells of her sister Sansans life in China. 他的妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人， 八岁离开中八岁离开中国

15、，写过一本名为国，写过一本名为 八月八月的书，记述她妹妹姗姗在的书，记述她妹妹姗姗在中国的生活中国的生活。 As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions, an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene being pictured.l参考译文：因为图像的较明亮的部分比黑暗的

16、部分或者阴影部分发射的电子更多，所以产生的电子图像随正电荷的变化强度，使正在描述的荧幕上的光强度成倍增强。 四、分译连词法 翻译成状语从句 将关系代词转换成连词呵呵 1)He insisted on building another house which he had no use for.他虽自己不用，但仍坚持再建一座房。上例能译成“他坚持再建一座他不用的房子”或“他坚持再建一座房，这房他不用”吗？显然不能，因为这样的译文令读者莫名其妙。这两种译文是套用定语词组和并列分句形式而译的，然而错了。英语定语从句英语定语从句尤其是非限制性定语从句尤其是非限制性定语从句有有时兼有状语从句的职能，可以

17、表示时间、条件、原时兼有状语从句的职能，可以表示时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果等等关系。因、让步、目的、结果等等关系。 2)In a personal sense ,I think of my eldest daughter , whose birthday is today .就个人来讲，我想到我的大女儿，因为今天是她的生日。（表原因）3)These actions, which have aroused universal and unreserved disapproval, must nevertheless give us a pause.这些行动，虽已激起普遍而毫不掩饰的反对，

18、却也使我们举棋不定。（表让步） 4)In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved.在两国发生争端时，如与该两国皆友好，则应避免卷入。（表条件）。5)Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity , offers very little resistance.铜的电阻很小，因此被广泛用于输电。（表结果）6)The lungs are subjected to several diseases which ar

19、e treatable by surgery.肺易受几种疾病的侵袭，但均可经手术治疗。 6)Humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.人类有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。(2003考研)7)Electronic computers, which have many advantages, canno

20、t carry out creative work and replace man.虽然电子计算机有很多优点，但它们不能进行创造性工作，因此代替不了人。（定语译成状语） 8)Gases are different from solid in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.气体不同与固体，因为气体比固体有更大的压缩性（定语从句译为状语从句）9)School programs will be much more responsive to what the child is capable of think

21、ing, which will minimize over-challenge and under-challenge.学校的课程将会更加适合学生的思考能力，从而减少课程过难或过于容易的现象。 10)Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在而这种共同认识并不存在。（ 97 考研） 在这个句子

22、中which引导非限制性定语从句修饰名词an agreed account，而the world does not have是省略了从句引导词that的定语从句，修饰something。这个定语从句在这里有一个转折的逻辑关系在里边 11) Each course which a student attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree.l译文：学生所上的每门课都将给他一个学分，当学生把所得学分累加到一定数量就可以获得一个学位。本句子的表象也是有点复杂，但是如果我们明白定语从句可以限定名词，就可以把定语从句的部分

23、先括起来跳过不看，抓住主干。第一个从句which a student attends到这里已经完整，所以括起来，同理第二个从句which he may count towards a degree，剩下的即为主干Each course gives him a credit.在翻译时，要注意汉语句子的结构平衡，所以一般把短的定语从句放在被限定名词前面翻译，而把相对较长的定语从句放在被限定的名词后面翻译。 12)Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion. 参考译文：火箭在太空

24、中运行最佳，因为在那儿不存在阻碍他们运动的大气。 分析：在语义上，定语从句与主句的关系为因果关系，因此我们将定语从句译成原因状语从句。这种方法是把主句和定语从句融合成一个简这种方法是把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句，定语从句译成谓语。单句，定语从句译成谓语。这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句，尤其是“there be”句型中。具体作法是，将原主句的主句的的词或词组的词或词组用作独立句的主语，再将定语从句用作谓语，这样便译成独立句。翻译英语There be 句型和带定语从句的复合句时，常用溶合法。溶合法就是把原主句的主语同定语从句溶合在一起而译成独立句的方法。溶合法要求改变句子的构造形式。五、融合法

25、五、融合法翻译实例翻译实例1)There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you. 参考译文：楼下有人要见你。2)There are many people who are interested in the new invention.参考译文：很多人对这项发明感兴趣。3）There are many foreign tourists who want visit the Great Wall.参考译文：许多外国游览者都想游览长城。4）He has been suffering from all kind of disease for which

26、the cure is possible.参考译文：他得的那种病是可以治疗的。5）He paid that peculiar deference to women which every member of the sex appreciates.参考译文：他对女性的殷勤令每个女人所赏识。 如将He paid that peculiar deference to women 压缩译为“他对女性的殷勤”而定语从句“which every member of the sex appreciates”译为谓语“令每个女人所常识” 。6)What were the hopes and dreams t

27、hat had made of them the incredibly stubborn warriors?参考译文: 是什么希望，什么目标，什么理想使他们成为顽强到令人难以置信的战士呢？ 将原句中的主句与定语从句重新组织，译成一个独立的句子。7)There are those who insist that the era of a computer terminal on every desk is just around the corner, while others insist that traditional teaching methods will never give wa

28、y to computerized instruction.参考译文：有些人坚信，每张课桌上放一台计算机终端设备的时代即将来临，而另一些坚持说传统的教学方法决不会让位于计算机教学。改变定语从句的位置改变定语从句的位置 It has long been my wish to encounter one of the oldest civilizations in earth .I have come amidst you from Egypt ,On the banks of the Nile ,which also has a most ancient civilization .参考译文：我

29、一直向往着要同世界最古老的文明会晤。尼罗河畔的埃及也有着最古老的文明，我正是从那里来到你们中间。Youve given Feldstyn ,who dislikes me any how ,the chance he was waiting for .参考译文：费尔德丁反正讨厌我，你给他的机会正是他求之不得的。4） On this and succeeding days，during which our anticraft guns were doubled in numbers，very hard and continuous air fighting took place over the capital，and the Lufewaffe were still confident through their overestimation of our losses. 参考译文: 在当天和随后几天（我们的高射炮在这几天增加了一倍），首都上空发生了连续不断的激烈空战，德国空军由于过高地估计了我们的损失，因而仍然怀有信心。