英语语法助动词ppt课件.ppt
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1、助动词 协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助 动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。 助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用。如: He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。 (doesnt是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)什么是助动词?什么是助动词?分类及简介v助动词分为:基本助动词,情态助动词,半助动词。v基本助动词:be,do,havev情态助动词:shall, will, should, would,couldv半助动词:以be为中心成分,以have为中心成分,以seem为中心成分。助动词be的用法:1)be +现
2、在分词,构成进行时态。如:They are having a meeting.English is becoming more and more important. 2)be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。如:The window was broken by Tom.English is taught throughout the world.3)be + 动词不定式,可表示最近、未来的计划或安排。如:He is to go to New York next week.We are to teach the fresh persons.一、基本助动词助动词have的用法:1)have +过去分
3、词,构成完成时态。如:He has left for London.By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时。如:I have been studying English for ten years.3)have + been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。如:English has been taught in China for many years.助动词do 的用法:1)构成一般疑问句。如:Do you want to pass the CET?
4、2)do + not 构成否定句。如:He doesnt like to study.In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.3)构成否定祈使句。如:Dont be so absent-minded.说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。如:Do come to my birthday party.I did go there.5)用于倒装句,例如:Never did I hear of such a thing.Only when we begin
5、 our college life do we realize the importance of English.只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。等。6)用作代动词,例如: Do you like Beijing? Yes, I do.(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he?他知道如何开车,对吧?二、情态助动词1 can/couldv(1)指主
6、观能力。Can指现在和将来。指过去的能力一般用was/were able toHow long can you hold your breath under water?That is easy.I can do that tomorrow.could have done 用于虚拟语气指“过去本来能够却没有”she should have explained the mystery.她本可以解释这个秘密的。v(2)表可能。Can 表可能时常用于疑问句和否定句,指某事是否事实。Can it be true?We cant change a law.He said he couldnt agree
7、 more.v(3)表允许用于非正式场合。Can在肯定疑问句中表要求在否定句中表禁止。You can smoke in the entrance hall.Can you lend me 2yuan?Could 用于这个意义时只用于疑问句,语气更加委婉。Could you please fetch us a few cups?v(4)表感情色彩。表某种情绪。What can satisfied her?(不满)What else can you say?(不耐烦)How can I do such a thing ?(难办)v注意vCan与could 的区别与联系v(1)Could是can的过
8、去式,除具can的各种功能外,还用来表示语气委婉。v(2)Can和could还可以表示某人或某物一时的特点指“有可能有时会”It can be very misty in this area.这里有时会大雾弥漫。He could be very proud.他有时会很骄傲 2、may与might(1)表示可以做或可能发生的事Hemaycomesoon.Youmayorderataxibytelephone.Might用于间接引语;也表客观未实现的动作Hesaidhemightorderataxibytelephone.他说他可以用电话定出租车。Hemighthavefallenillifheh
9、adnttakethemedicine.他如果没服药可能就病倒了(2)表允许,多用于肯定句和疑问句,正式场合Youmaytakethebookhome。.你可以把这本书带回家。MayIborrowyourbicycle?我可以借你的自行车吗?Might表允许时比may更有礼貌。MightIhavealittlebrandy?我可以喝一点白兰地吗?(3)表祝愿通常用may此时句子用倒转语序。Mayourfriendshiplivelong.Happymayyourbirthdaybe.Maygodblessyou.(4)might可用于虚拟语气Ifyoudidntmind,Imightgothe
10、re.如果你不反对的话,我可能就去那里。Whyonearthdidnthesendtosaythathewasill?Wemighthavehelpedhim.究竟为什么他不捎信来说他生病了?我们帮助他的。(5)maymight用于某些从句。Howevercolditmaybe,wewillgoskiing.不管天多冷,我们都要去滑雪。(6)固定词组Maywell+do意为“理应有足够的理由”May/mightaswell+do用来建议或劝说某人采取是某种行动。意为“还不如,不妨”Hemaywellbeproudofhisson.他大可以以他的儿子为荣。Hemightaswellthrowyo
11、urmoneyintotheseaaslendittohim.借钱给他还不如把钱扔到海里。v注意:v(1)may/might比较表推测时,might比may更不确定。表允许时,might比may更有礼貌。v(2)mightmaycancould比较a)may和can表可观可能和允许时意义相同,但是也不能随意互换。表可观可能时,may仅用于肯定句而can可用于各种句式。Hemayfindthebookatthelibrary.Canhefindthebookattheloibrary?Hecantfindthebookatthelibrary.b)might和could后跟不定时完成时表示过去未
12、实现的动作。Hemighthavefoundthebookatthelibrary.他可以在图书馆找到这本书就好了(实际未找到)。Hecouldhavefoundthebookatthelibrary.他能够在图书馆找到这本书就好了(实际未找到)c)may较正式,而can口语化。May(might)Ispeaktoyouforamoment,professor?Can(could)Ihaveacupoftea,mom?d)could有时也可表示推测,因此三者可以互换。Hemay/might/couldbrattheconference.e)maynot表示不可能时,重音落在may上。Mayno
13、t表示不许可时,重音落在否定词上。因此在书面语中,为防止歧义,表示不可能用cant3will/would1.willwould表请求,指将来,用于疑问句。此时would更委婉wouldyoumindclosinghedoor?Willyougivehertheletter?2.Willwould表习惯反复动作,用于肯定句。Youwillhaveyourownway.你总是想怎样就怎样。3.Willwould表料想推测,指没现在或将来,用于二三人称。可用进行时指现在,完成式指过去。Hurryup.Theywillbewaiting.快点,他们一定在等我们。Hewillhavegothomebyn
14、ow.他该到家了。v推测程度由高到低为mustwillwouldoughttoshouldcancouldmay-might4.Willwould表意愿,用于第一人称。Will指将来,would用于间接引语指过去的将来Iwontarguewithyou.IsaidIwoulddoanythingforhim.5.Willwould用于非人称主语,表示固有的性质倾向,通常用于否定句。Thewindowwontopen.窗户打不开。Thedoorwontshut.门关不上6.Willwould表拒绝用于否定句即wontIwontmarryamanIdontlove.Iwontlistentoyou
15、rnonsenses.7.Would用于虚拟语气Iwishtherainwouldstopforamoment.Youwouldanswermuchbetterifyouweremoreattentive.注意:比较would与usedtov二者均可表示习惯v不同之处在于,usedto有现在已无此习惯的意思,并可表示一次性动作。IdontswimsooftenasIusedto.我不想过去那样长游泳了。4.shall与shouldvshall的用法Shall除在一般将来时中用于第一人称外,还有以下用法:1.表义务,用于第二三人称。如:Youshalldoasyouseemedo.你照我做的样子
16、做。Heshallbepunishedifshedisobeys.如果他不服从就要受到处罚。在当代英语中,shall多用于正式法律文字。如:ThislawshallhaveeffectinScotland.2.表许诺,用于第二三人称的肯定句和否定句。如:(1)youshallhavemyanswertomorrow?你明天可以得到我的答复。(2)sheshallgethershare.我可以得到她的一份。3.表征询意见,用于第一三人称的疑问句。如:(1)Whatshallhedonext?下一步他要干什么呢?(2)Letsstarttomorrow,shallwe?我们明天动身,好吗?4表义务
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