华中师范大学化学专业英语ppt课件.ppt

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1、State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Chemistry EnglishState Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室Lecture 8State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of

2、Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物12.1 Introduction So far most of the compounds we have studied have been open-chain compounds. We also discussed a few ring compounds, the cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, and found their properties to

3、be very much like their counterparts, the alkanes and alkenes. Open-chain compounds and their corresponding ring compounds are known as aliphatic (脂肪族的）脂肪族的）compounds. The term aliphatic comes from the Greek word aleiphar, which means “oil”.Chapter 12 Benzene and The Aromatic HydrocarbonsState Key L

4、aboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物 In this chapter, we will introduce another class of organic compounds called the aromatics（芳香族）. Benzene(苯) and its derivatives were originally called aromatic com

5、pounds because of their rather pleasant aromas. The term aromatic now refers to any compound which has a benzene ring in its structure or has chemical properties similar to those of benzene. In the sections that follow, we will describe the structure and the properties of benzene and many of its der

6、ivatives.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物12.2 Ring Structure of Benzene In the 1820s, a pure liquid hydrocarbon called benzene was first isolated. Chemists found that the molecular form

7、ula of this new substance was C6H6, but it took some time for them to figure out a structure which was consistent with the properties of benzene. Open-chain structures, such as CH2=CH-CC-CH=CH2, were first proposed, but it is inconsistent with the chemical property that benzene undergoes substitutio

8、n with bromine, instead of the addition reaction with bromine(溴).State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物The chemist August Kekul(1829-1896) proposed an alternative structure in which the six c

9、arbon atoms of benzene are joined together to form a hexagon with each ring C atom bonded to an H atom.The inspiration for this idea supposedly sprang from a daydream in which Kekul visualized “long rows , all twining and twisting in snakelike motion,” and then saw that “One of the snakes had seized

10、 hold of its own tail”. In any case, Kekuls structure turned out to be correct. Benzene is a ring compound. State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物 However, this structure also failed to answe

11、r many questions about the properties of benzene. If the structure above were correct, benzene would still be expected to be highly reactive because of the three double bonds it contains. Furthermore, if the benzene ring really did have alternating single and double bonds, the distance between doubl

12、y bonded C atoms would be shorter than that between singly bonded C atoms, yet all physical measurements showed that the six C to C bond distances were identical. State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保

13、持熔接部位干净无污物12.3 Bonding in BenzeneThere are three atoms attached to each C atom in benzene. Each C atom has three sp2 hybrid orbitals, with which the s s framework of benzene bonding is established.Each C atom has one unhybridized p orbital containing one electron. These overlapping p orbitals form a

14、 continuous p p bond about the benzene ring.The p p electrons are not localized between any two carbon atoms. Rather, all six p p electrons are delocalized over the entire ring.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边

15、旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Benzene bonding: a) s s framwork; b) continuous p p bond.HCCCCCCHHHHHHHHHHHa)b)State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物 The drawing we use to represent the structure of

16、benzene is a hexagon with a circle inside it. The circle represents the continuous p p bonding about the benzene ring. Another commonly encountered depiction of benzene is the following:12.4 Structural Formulas for benzeneResonance structures of benzeneState Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of

17、Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物12.5 nomenclature of benzene The compounds that form when one or more H atoms of benzene are substituted with other atoms or groups of atoms are named as derivatives of benzene. In monosubstituted ben

18、zenes one H atom is replaced by another atom or group X. To name such compounds, the name of the substituent X is followed by the word benzene. For instance, if a chlorine atom is the substituent, the compound is called chlorobenzene and if the attached group is nitro(-NO2), the name of the compound

19、 is nitrobenzene.ClNO2ChlorobenzeneNitrobenzeneState Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物 Disubstituted benzenes: There are three different ways to place two substituents on a benzene ring. Numbe

20、r the position of the benzene ring so that the substituents are on the positions with the lowest possible numbers. The number 1 is assigned to the substituent that is lower in alphabetical order. 1-chloro-2-iodobenzeneIClIClClI1234566543211234561-chloro-3-iodobenzene1-chloro-4-iodobenzeneState Key L

21、aboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物12.6 Phenyl Group Some benzene compounds are more convenient named by considering the benzene itself to be a substituent. The benzene substituent, which is named ph

22、enyl, is formed by removing one H atom from the benzene ring. BiphenylCH2ClChlorophenylmethaneCH2diphenylmethaneState Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物12.7 Chemical Properties of Benzene Halog

23、enation: Benzene reacts with bromine or chorine to form bromobenzene or chlorobenzene in the present of an iron catalyst (Fe, Fe Br3 or FeCl3). Nitration: Nitrobenzene can be prepared by reacting with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid.+ Cl2+ HClFe or FeCl3Cl+ HNO3+ H2OH2SO4NO2State Key La

24、boratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物12.8 Arenes(芳烃芳烃) Hydrocarbons such as alkylbenzenes toluene and ethylbenzene, which have both aliphatic and aromatic components, are called arenes. Because arenes h

25、ave both aromatic and aliphatic character, they also have properties of aliphatic as well as of aromatic compounds. Benzene itself is more toxic than any of the arenes. The reason for this is related to the inertness of benzene, which makes it difficult for the body to eliminate it.State Key Laborat

26、ory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物12.9 Fused-RingAromatics A fused-ring aromatic is a compound that forms when two or more aromatic rings are joined at two or more C atoms. The source of fused-ring aromat

27、ics is a substance called coal tar(焦油焦油), the liquid residue produced when coal is heated in the absence of air. NaphthaleneAnthracenephenanthreneState Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Chapter

28、 13 Alcohols and Ethers 13.1 Introduction In the next few chapters we will introduce the organic compounds which have oxygen atoms in their functional groups. Two of these are alcohols and ethers. We can produce the structures of both classes of compounds starting with a water molecule, HOH. By repl

29、acing one of the H atoms in water with a C atom, we have the general formula of an alcohol, written ROH, where R refers to a hydrocarbon group.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物 For insta

30、nce, if the R is a methyl group, the alcohol formula is CH3OH (methanol), and when R is a phenyl group, the alcohol is phenol. To produce the ether structure, both H atoms of water are replaced with hydrocarbon groups. We write the general formula with an R and R (R prime), meaning that the attached

31、 hydrocarbon groups can be the same or different. General ether formula: R-O-RState Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物13.2 Naming Alcohols Alkyl alcohols can be named as alkanols, a name derive

32、d by dropping the e from alkane and adding ol. For instance, the name of the alcohol derived from the simplest alkane comes from changing the methane to methanol (CH3OH). Ethanol is a two-carbon alcohol: CH3CH2OH. To name any alcohol more complex than these, we must indicate the location of the OH g

33、roup as well as those of any other branch groups. To do this we follow the rules below.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物 Rule 1: Choose the longest C to C chain to which the OH group is

34、attached. This gives the parent alcohol name. Rule 2: Number the C atoms so that the C atom bonded to the OH group has the lowest possible number. Rule 3: Form the name by placing the number of the C atom to which the OH is attached in front of the parent alcohol. Indicate any branched groups accord

35、ing to the rules of alkane nomenclature.State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Example The parent name of this alcohol must be hexanol. Numbering the C chain. This hexanol is a 2-hexanol.The f

36、ull name of this hexanol is 5-methyl-2-hexanol.CH3123456CH3CHCH2CH2CHCH3OHState Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物13.3 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols Alkyl alcohols can be divided int

37、o one of the three classes( primary, secondary or tertiary), depending on the type of C atom to which their hydroxyl groups are attached. In primary alcohols the hydroxyl group is attached to a primary C atom, that is, a carbon atom that is bonded to only one other C atom, e.g., CH3CH2OH.State Key L

38、aboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物 In secondary alcohols, the hydroxyl group is attached to a secondary C atom, that is, a carbon atom that is bonded to two other C atoms. The following alcohols are

39、 thus secondary alcohols. In tertiary alcohols, the OH group is attached to a tertiary C atom, a C atom which forms bonds with three other C atoms.CH3CHCH2H3OHCH3CHCH3OHCH3CHCH2CH2H3OH2-propanol2-butanol2-pentanolState Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配

40、件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物13.4 Naming Ethers Ethers are named by giving the names of R and R hydrocarbon groups in the general formula ROR, in alphabetical order, followed by the word ether. When R and R are the same, the name of the R groups is given only once or t

41、he prefix di- is used in the name. Using this method we can name the ethers below:CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (diethyl ether) CH3OCH2CH3(Ethyl methyl ether)State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物See you next week!Have a nice day!Assignment: Write an article (about 200 words) with the title Aromatics: Pleasant or dangerous?.