2022年高考英语一轮复习语法专题第三部分句法篇专题定语从句素材外研 .pdf

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1、学习好资料欢迎下载专题 1 定语从句1功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。2位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please. 3先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some-，any-，every- ，no- 与-body，-thing的合成词；或 all ， none，any，some，that ，those 等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。4关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。关系代词： who ， whom ，which ，that ， whos

2、e， as 等。关系副词： when，where，why 等。5确定关系词的步骤：(1) 先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。(2) 看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。(1) 先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。This is the place which is worth visiting. (2) 关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。There are many places we can visit (them) in China. 6在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that 而不用

3、 which ：(1) 当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。(2) 先行词被all ， every ， no，some ，any，little，much，the only，the very， few 等修饰时。(3) 先行词为all ， much ，little， none，few，something ，anything等不定代词时。(4) 先行词中既有人又有物时。He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus. (5) 先行词在主句中作表语时。The village

4、is no longer the one that was 5 years ago. (6) 当主句是以which 开头的特殊疑问句时。Which are the books that you bought for me? 7宜用 which 而不用 that的情况：(1) 在非限制性定语从句中。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 9 页学习好资料欢迎下载(2) 在关系词前有介词时。(3) 当先行词本身是that时。(4) 关系词后有插入语时。8关系词 who与 that指人时，根据不同情况分别用不同的关系词。(1) 当主句

5、是there be句型时，关系词用who。(2) 先行词是anyone，those ，someone，everyone ，one 等词时，关系词用who 。(3) 当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that 。Who is that girl that is standing by the window? (4)whom 在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。9whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving? There is a room，whose window faces the river. 1

6、0关系代词as 在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。(1) 先行词被such 和 the same 修饰，或句型as many(much) 中，从句都用as 引导。Such books as you bought are useful. The school is just the same as it was 10 years ago. 注意： such.that.引导结果状语从句。如：They are such lovely children that we love them much 。the same.that.引导定语从句。如：I want to use the same tool tha

7、t you used just now. (2) 先行词为句子的定语从句用as 和 which 引导。区别：意义上：as 含有“这点正如一样”。位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。 which 引导的非限制定语从句只能放在主句之后。He didn t pass the exam，as we had expected. There is lots of air in loose snow，which can keep the cold out. As is known， the earth is round. 11关系副词when与 where，why，that when 指时间 in/at

8、/on/during which where 指地点 in/at/from which why 指原因 for which that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，取代when，where，why 和“介词which”引导的定语从句，修饰的先行词常为the way ，the time，the day ，the place等，在口语中that常被省略。I don t like the way (that/in which) he talks.This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French. 精选学习资料 - -

9、- - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 9 页学习好资料欢迎下载12必须注意的问题：(1) 关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。(2) 注意区别定语从句与强调句。定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。强调句中it无意义， that/who不是引导词。去掉 it is/was和 that/who后，如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。It is the museum that/which we visited last year.(定语从句 ) It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(强调句 )

10、(3) 定语从句与同位语从句的区别。定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。同位语从句的引导词被叫做连接词，that 不充当任何成分，不可省。Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语从句 ) We expressed to them our wish that was the same as theirs.(定语从句 ) (4) 关系词在从句中省略的情况。关系词作宾语，前无介词时。关系词作表语。(5) 关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which 和 whom 。(6) 几个特殊的定语从句句型：He is the

11、 only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.(句中 one 为先行词 ) He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.(句中 students为先行词 ) Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?Is this the place (that/which) we visited yesterday? He stood at the window，from where

12、 he could see what was happening. It may rain ， in which case the match will be put off.定语从句与语法填空定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词以及介词的选用是语法填空题中的考查点。首先判断是否是定语从句是做题的关键，其次判断关系词充当何种成分，确定答案。 有些特殊的定语从句，如分割式定语从句和插入式定语从句，一定要先确定先行词，然后再判断作何成分，最后确精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 9 页学习好资料欢迎下载定用何关系词。典题试做1在空白处

13、填入适当的关系代词或关系副词1When harvest came around ，he was already selling herbs ，vegetables and cotton in the market people from the towns met regularly.(2015广东) 答案where 解析根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词 the market，故填 where。2Maybe you are facing an impossible situation.Maybe you have a habit is driving

14、 your family crazy.(2014新课标全国)答案that/which 解析考查定语从句的引导词。定语从句的先行词为前面的habit ，而该定语从句缺少主语，因此要用that 或 which 引导。3People should not do things will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily.(2014湖南) 答案which/that 解析本句中含有定语从句，先行词是 things ， 关系词在定语从句中作主语，可以使用which或 that引导定语从句。4Nicks guests ， had heard their convers

15、ation，asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.(2013广东) 答案who 解析该空需填一个定语从句的引导词，先行词为Nicks guests ，指人，故引导词用who 。5Of course whenever they turned to look at him，they had to look at Mary， made her feel like a star.(2012广东) 答案which 解析由逗号可知此处是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子所表述的内容，故用which 引导。6Behin

16、d him were other people to he was trying to talk，but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me，looking annoyed.(2011广东) 答案whom 解析此处是一个定语从句，缺少关系代词，因为先行词为other people ，指的是人，而且与介词 to 连用，所以填whom 。应对策略1一旦判断是定语从句， 就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，

17、共 9 页学习好资料欢迎下载来确定关系词。若在从句中作主语和宾语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。定语从句与短文改错短文改错中对于定语从句的考查主要涉及限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的错用。典题试做2单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，that might not be served until 8 oclock at night.(2013新课标全国)答案that which2Third ，we should

18、find ways to reuse the water used in washing，especially bath water for which is quite a lot，and that will save much water.(2012大纲全国)答案去掉 for 解析此处考查which 引导的定语从句，which 在从句中作主语，从句是主系表结构，句子成分齐全， for 在此处多余，故去掉。3There，Katia will introduce me to some of her friends，one of who has been to China several tim

19、es.I just cant wait.(2011重庆) 答案who whom解析非限制性定语从句中“介词of whom ”，不能用who。4It turned out to be her own cup，that shed left on the shelf by mistake.(2010 陕西) 答案that which解析逗号后为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 her own cup，故应用which 引导，不能用that 。5One day I saw a second-hand bicycle，that was only one hundred yuan.(2009 辽宁) 答案th

20、at which解析逗号后为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a second-hand bicycle，故应用which 引导。应对策略2确定定语从句中关系词的步骤：1找出先行词；2看先行词被代入从句后在句子中的成分( 作主语、宾语还是状语) ；3选择合适的关系词。书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 9 页学习好资料欢迎下载( 一) 定语从句意识缺失1关系代词被普通代词取代( 误)I have many collections of stamps，some of them are my favorit

21、e. ( 正)I have many collections of stamps，some of which are my favorite. 2关系代词遗漏( 误)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows. ( 正)The last one who leaves the classroom please close the windows. 第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。( 二) 假冒伪劣的定语从句1有从无主式( 误)My friend Jane， who is very friend

22、ly to us classmates. ( 正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates. ( 正)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates ，has a variety of hobbies. 第一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。2从句成分残缺式( 误)Those who against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city. ( 正)Those who ar

23、e against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city. 第一句定语从句的谓语不完整。介词against不能单独作谓语。3画蛇添足式( 误)As can be seen from the picture，that a sad boy stands between his angry parents. ( 误)As can be seen from the picture，a man who is talking happily. ( 误)I have many collections of stamp

24、s，and some of which are my favorite. 第一句中关系代词as 代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉 that 。第二句中同样as 代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and 是多余的。. 单句语法填空1According to Dr.Lance Workman，these people may develop a temporary moral code in their minds justifies their actions ： there are rich peop

25、le who have things I dont 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 9 页学习好资料欢迎下载have so its right that I take it.答案which/that 解析which/that引导定语从句并在从句中作主语。2This is the very factory they visited last summer holiday. 答案that 解析先行词为factory，其前有very 修饰，定语从句只能用that引导。3When facing hardships，only th

26、ose are confident will achieve success. 答案who 解析关系代词who引导定语从句，修饰前面的those( 那些人 ) 。4That evening， I will tell you more about later， I ended up working very late. 答案which 解析本题考查定语从句。先行词为that evening ， 将先行词代入定语从句后为：I will tell you more about that evening later，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作about 的宾语，且表示“物”，故用which 引导。5

27、I wish to thank Professor Smith，without help I would never have got this far. 答案whose 解析分析句子结构可知，空格处为定语从句的引导词，先行词为Professor Smith，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Without Professor Smiths help I would never have got this far ，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作help 的定语，故答案为whose。6After the flooding，people were suffering in that area， urgen

28、tly needed clean water ，medicine and shelter to survive. 答案who 解析本题考查非限制性定语从句。将先行词people 代入定语从句后为：people urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive，可知先行词在从句中作主语，所以用 who 。7 We live in an age more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 答案when 解析本题考查定语从句。先行词是age，因

29、为关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when引导。8The next day，my brother and I went to the beach we watched some people play volleyball. 答案where 解析考查定语从句的引导词。分析结构可知，关系副词where 引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 9 页学习好资料欢迎下载9He wrote many childrens books ，nearly half of were published in

30、the 1990s. 答案which 解析根据句子结构可知此处考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，代指前面的先行词books，故应填which 。10We ll reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year. 答案which/that 解析考查分割式定语从句， 先行词 the sales targets与关系代词which/that被 in a month隔开，先行词在定语从句中充当动词set 的宾语，故填which/that。. 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1I ve never he

31、ard of the people and things which you talked about just now.答案whichthat2This is the only question which has been answered. 答案whichthat3This is the museum where we visited last Sunday. 答案wherewhich/that或去掉 where 4We have made the same mistake which you made last time. 答案whichas5I shall never forget

32、the years I spent in the country with the farmers，that has a great effect on my life. 答案that which6A young man had a new girlfriend，who he wanted to impress. 答案who whom7I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together. 答案when which/that或去掉 when 8The visitors saw rows of houses，the roofs of whose a

33、re red. 答案whose which9Please tell me the way which you did the job. 答案whichthat或去掉 which 或 which 前加 in 10Little has been done what is helpful to our work. 答案whatthat. 语法填空A( 定语从句专练 ) Yangshuo，ChinaIt was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn t 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -

34、- 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 9 页学习好资料欢迎下载care.A few hours before ，I d been at home in Hong Kong,1.where I breathed with its choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh， even with the rain. I d skipped nearby Guilin,2.which is a dream place for tourists 3.who/that seek the limestone mountain tops

35、and dark waters of the Li River 4.that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead， I d headed straight for Yangshuo.For those 5.who fly to Guilin，it s only an hour away by car and offers all th e scenery of the better-known city.Yangshuo is really beautiful.A study of travele

36、rs 6.that/which was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations 7.that/which are famous in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people and their families 8.that are in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent,9.which is a travel company i

37、n Hong Kong， says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 10.who/that live in Shanghai and Hong Kong. BThere was a boy who was excellent at his study except for his poor handwriting.One day he made up 11.his mind to improve it.With the strong will，he made use of old newspapers to write

38、on to reduce his familys burden.12.As time went on，he found that little progress was made 13.although/though he had practised a lot ，which made him quite upset. 14 Disappointed(disappoint)， he turned to his teacher for help.After hearing his story ，the teacher 15.advised (advise) him to use the best

39、 paper rather than the old newspapers.Much to his puzzle as well as delight，by following his teachers 16.suggestion(suggest)，he did make it.The teacher then explained to him，“the key 17.to your success is that you couldn t take it seriously with so many old newspapers.18.whether you wrote it wel l o

40、r not didn t matter at all .Instead ， while using the paper，you treasure it because it costs you much.Therefore，you devote yourself to 19.practising(prastise) so as not to waste the best paper and the money.”So do you treasure everyday by leading 20.a meaningful life or do you regard your daily life just as “the old newspapers”？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 9 页