2022年高考英语二轮语法精讲精练-非谓语动词 .pdf

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1、非谓 语动词动词除了在句子中充当谓语外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等，称作非谓语动词，包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。高考重点要求：1、掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语，不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定非谓语动词的时态形式5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式第一节知识点概述一、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能

2、作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、 宾语、 状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。（一 ） 动 词 不 定 式 的 特 征 及 用 法1.动词不定式的构成及特征“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1.作主语例如： To learn English well is not easy. 或It is not easy to learn English well. 动词不定式作主语时，往往用it 作形

3、式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：It is + adj.+ 动词不定式如果要说明不定式的动作执行者，可以用for 或 of 即： It is + adj.+ for / of sb. to do sth. 2.作表语My wish is to become a teacher. 3.作宾语Most of us like to watch football matches. 4.作宾语补足语He told me to be here on time. 5.作定语I have nothing to say about that thing. 6.作状语He stopped to have a

4、look. 3.动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形例如：He asked me not to make such a mistake. 4.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词who, what, which 和疑问副词when, where, how, why 等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如： (1) He doesn t know how to use the machine.（不定式作宾语）(2) How to use the machine is a question. （不定式作主语）(3) The

5、 question is when to go there. （不定式作表语）（二 ） 动 词 不 定 式 的 时 态 和 被 动 形 式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：1 一般式 to do 例如： I like to read English. 2 进行式 to be doing 例如： He seemed to be reading something at that time. 3 完成式 to have done 例如： He seemed to have cleaned the room. 精选学习资料 - - - - - -

6、- - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 15 页4 被动式 to be done 例如： The work is to be done soon. 5 完成被动式to have been done 例如： The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday. 二、分词分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。（一）分词的作用分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：1作定语Do you know the boy stan

7、ding at the gate? Have you read the book written by Lu Xun ？2作表语We are excited at the news. The news he told us is exciting. 3作宾语补足语I heard him singing a song in the classroom. We found the ground covered with snow. 4作状语While lying in bed, he listened to some music. Seen from the hill, the village l

8、ooks move beautiful. 分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。（二）分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如： Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations. 现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。例如： Having finished his homework, he went to bed. （三）现在分词的被动式被动一般式be

9、ing done 例如： This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. 被动完成式having been done 例如：Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine. （四）分词的否定形式分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如： Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again. Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to

10、 the teacher for help. （五）分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum. The meeting being over, they all left the room. 三 、动名 词动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing 构成。动名词既有动词特征，也有名词特征。动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如： Smoking does great harm to p

11、eoples health. （作主语） My job is looking after children. （作表语） I have finished reading the novel. （作宾语） We have got a swimming pool in our school. （做定语）动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成。例如：He made me angry by not taking the medicine. 动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成。例如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共

12、 15 页Would you mind my opening the door? 动名词的一般式，表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前，或在后。例如：We all enjoy listening to music.( 同时发生 ) Do you remember meeting me there?（在谓语动词前发生）动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。例如：I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child. She attended the party without being invited.

13、第二节实战演练一 、 复 习 时 需 注 意 的 要 点1 动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。例如： I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生）I hope to go there next time. （之后发生）2不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。例如： I m sorry to have broken your glasses.3不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。例如： When he came in, I happened to be reading at the tabl

14、e. 4不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done 表示将要被做，to have been done表示已被做。例如： The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large. The cinema is said to have been built last year. 5. 在表示情绪的动词，如like, love, hate, prefer 等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式例如： I hate eating the same f

15、ood every day. Would you like to watch TV in the evening? 6. 在动词 need, want, require 后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。例如： The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned. He needs to clean the house first. 7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but, except 后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but 前有“ do”则省

16、去“ to” 。例如： I have done nothing but help him with his luggage. I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop. 8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。例如： The accident which happened yesterday was very serious. 9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。例如： Weather permitting, we will go to the Ce

17、nter Park. 10. 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成时。例如： Having finished his composition, he went home. While looking through the paper, he found some errors. 二 、 历 届 高 考 试 题 分 析例 1、The discovery of new evidence led to _. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - -

18、 - - -第 3 页，共 15 页A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught 【答案】 C。lead to 这个词组中to 是介词，后面跟名词，于是B 被排除， the thief 是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch 之间应是被动关系，故排除A。常见的带介词to 的短语有： (get) be used to, look forward to ，look up to, stick to, object to, be dev

19、oted to, pay attention to等。例 2、Though _money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 【答案】 C。lack 是及物动词，后接宾语money。his parents 与 lack 是逻辑上的主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。译文：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学。例 3、He got well- prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk

20、 _ the good opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 【答案】：B risk 后面只能带动名词做宾语，含义为“冒之险”。例4、_ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed 【答案】 C。 在非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式来作主语，而分词和介词短语不能作主语，因此A、D被排除。在这个句子中，will

21、 do 是谓语，缺少主语，要用动名词作主语。expose 与 ones skin 是动宾关系，所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed。译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。例 5、_ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put 【答案】：A put sth. into use “让投入使用” 。显然， put 和句子主语th

22、e hotline 构成被动关系，所以用表示被动的过去分词。例 6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars. A. had B. having C. to have D. have 【答案】：C 动词不定式充当目的状语。例 7、With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B

23、. settling C. to settle D. being settled 【答案】C 动词不定式to settle 作为 difficult problems 的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle 作定语表示已经解决的难题，现在分词的被动式being settled 作定语表示正在解决的难题。例 8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. A. taking B. taken C.

24、having taken D. having been taken 【答案】：A take advantage of （利用）和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系，且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加 )同时发生，所以选择A。例9、Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong. A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit 【答案】A。该句中的but 是介词，后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do，does 或 did 时，后接不带to的不

25、定式；是其他动词时，后接带to 的不定式。该句的谓语是could do nothing ，要填动词原形admit。译文：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。例10、 He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 【答案】B。现在分词 hoping 表示与 send me an e-mail同时发生的动作。一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语。不定式作目的状语时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail to get further informatio

26、n. 不需要hope 一词，如果要选择“hoped”时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information 。 “hope”和“ sent”作并列谓语。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 15 页第三节巩固练习Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer

27、that completes the sentence. 1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _ a good college. A. enter B. to enter C. entering D. entered 【陷阱】容易误选A。有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词could 就断定此处应填动词原形enter。【分析】其实正确答案应是B。 此句为省略句， 即在could 后省略了动词do， 若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and do

28、ing what we could do to enter a good college。 即句中的不定式短语(to enter a good college)是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could) 一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his clas

29、smates. 他拼命学习以便赶上他的同学。值得指出的是，这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to 不定式。请看以下试题：(4) He ran as fast as he could _ to catch the early bus. A. to hope B. hope C. hoping D. hoped 此题的答案是C 不是 A，其中的现在分词短语hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。(5) He spent every minute he could _ spoken English. A. practice B. to practice

30、C. practicing D. practised 此题答案选C，这与前面动词spent 的搭配有关， 即 spend (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English. (6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could _ his oral English. A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving 此题答案选D， 注意两点： 一是devote t

31、o 是固定搭配， 意为 “ 把 贡献给 ” ；二是其中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。2. He knows nothing about it, so he can t help _ any of your work. A. doing B. to do C. being doing D. to be done 【陷阱】容易误选B，根据cant help doing sth 这一结构推出。【分析】其实答案应选A。比较以下结构：can t help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事can t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事又如下面一题

32、，答案也是B：She can t help _ the house because she s busy making a cake.A cleaning B. to clean C. cleaned D. being cleaned 再请看以下试题：While shopping, people sometimes can t help _ into buying something they don t really need.A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 此题应选 C，句中的can t hel

33、p 意为 “ 禁不住 ” （注意根据句意用被动形式）。3. All her time _ experiments, she has no time for films. A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing 【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【分析】此题最佳答案为B。现分析如下：(1) devote 意为 “ 致力于，献身于” ，主要用devote to 或 be devoted to ，其中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不用不定式。(2) 选 A

34、 错误：若将do 改为doing 则可以。(3) 选 B 正确： all her time devoted to doing experiments为独立主格结构，用作状语。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 15 页(4) 选 C 错误：因为all her time 与 devote 为被动关系，故应将devoting 改为 devoted。(5) 选 D 错误： 若单独看All her time is devoted to doing experiments ，此句并没有错，但问题是逗号前后两个简单句没有必要的连接方式，

35、所以从整体上看仍不对，假若在后一句的句首加上and 或 so，则可选D，或将 D 将中的 is 改为being 也可选它。请做以下类似题（答案均选A） ：(1) All the preparations for the project _, we re ready to start. A. completed B. have been completed C. had been completed D. been completed (2) Such _ the case, I couldn t help but_ him.A. being, support B. was, support C

36、. has been, supporting D. is, to support 比较以下各题，答案选B，因为句中使用了并列连词and：(1) All the preparations for the project _, and we re ready to start. A. completed B. have been completed C. had been completed D. been completed (2) Such _ the case, I couldn t help but_ him.A. being, support B. was, support C. has

37、 been, supporting D. is, to support 4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 【陷阱】容易误选C，受题干中的逗号的影响，认为是现在分词表结果的用法。【分析】其实答案应选B，句中的逗号相当于连词and 或 but，not to make it more difficult 是对逗号前的不定式to make life easier 的补

38、充说明。此句的意思是“ 新技术的目的是为了使生活变得更容易，而不是使生活变得更困难” 。两个不定式同时用以说明句子主语purpose 的内容。请做以下类似试题（答案选B） ：The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _ work for young people. A. provide B. to provide C. providing D. provided 5. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. to be tied

39、 B. being tied C. tied D. having tied 【陷阱】容易误选B。【分析】最佳答案为C。从意义上看，hands 与 tie 的关系应属被动关系，故排除D。在 A、B、C 三个选项中，选项A 比较容易排除，因为不定式表示将来意义，在此与语境不符。现将B 和 C 作一比较： B 为现在分词的被动式，它表示两层意义，一是表被动，二是表进行，也就是说his hands being tied 的实际意思是 “ 他的手正在被捆住” ，这显然与语境不符。而C 为过去分词，它也表示两层意义，一是表被动，二是表示动词的完成或完成后的状态，此句中的with his hands tie

40、d behind his back 可视为手被捆在背后的一种状态。由此可知最佳答案为C。请看下面一题：Anyone _ trying to take knives on heard flights would be caught by the police. A. finds B. found C. being found D. will find 答案选 B 而不选 C，其中的过去分词表示被动和完成。比较下面两题，最佳答案是D 不是 A，现在分词的被动式表示被动和进行：(1) The court hears about 120 cases a year; visitors are welco

41、me to see a case _. A. argued B. to be argued C. to be arguing D. being argued (2) The silence of the library was sometimes broken by an occasional cough or by the sound of pages _. A. turned B. having turned C. to be turned D. being turned 6. Remind me _ the medicine tomorrow. A. of taking B. takin

42、g C. to take D. take 【陷阱】容易误选A。受remind sb of (doing) sth 这一常用结构的影响。【分析】最佳答案为C。比较以下三个结构：remind sb of about sth = 使某人想起某事remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做过某事（暗示动作已发生）remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事（暗示动作尚未发生）请看两个例句：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 15 页I reminded him of his promise. 我提醒他

43、做过的诺言。My wife reminded me of seeing that film. 我妻子提醒我曾经看过那部电影。Can you remind me to phone her tomorrow? 你明天能否提醒我给她打电话? 7. Once your business becomes international, _ constantly will be part of your life. A. you fly B. your flight C. flight D. flying 【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【分析】最佳答案为D。由于空格后出现了constantly 这一副词，

44、这就说明不能选B 或 C，因为 B、C 均为名词，不能受副词constantly 的修饰。 A 和 D 均是可能的，因为其中有动词fly 。但若选 A，you fly 是一个主谓结构，与其后的谓语will be 相冲突，所以只能选D，即动名词flying 在此用作主语。8. Not only should you get used _ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention _ your work well. A. to work, to do B. to working, to doing C. to wo

45、rk, to doing D. to working, to do 【陷阱】容易误选A，认为两个空白处均应填不定式。【分析】 正确答案为B，因为 get used to 与 pay attention to 这两个结构中的to 均为介词， 不是不定式符号，故后接动词时要用动名词，不能动词原形。类似地，以下各结构中的to 也是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时也应用动名词，而不是动词原形：look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事object to doing sth 反对做某事stick to doing sth 坚持

46、做某事get down to doing sth 开始做某事take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事admit to doing 承认做了某事pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事devote one s time to doing sth 把某人的时间用于(奉献于 )做某事be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事What do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事怎么样9. Both of my parents insisted _ a computer for me, but I don t think it

47、is necessary.A. to buy B. buying C. on buying D. in buying 【陷阱】容易误选B，误认为insist 后不能接不定式，但可以接动名词。【分析】答案应选C。其实，动词insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词，因为insist 通常用作不及物动词； 若语义上需接宾语，要借助介词on 或 upon，即用于insist on upon (doing) sth ；但它有时的确也可用作及物动词，不过其宾语通常只能是that 从句，而不能是普通的名词、代词或动名词。如：He insisted on seeing her home. 他坚持送她回家。

48、I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。10. “ Doyou have anything more _, sir?” “ No. You can have a rest or do something else.”A. typing B. to be typed C. typed D. to type 【陷阱】容易误选D，根据have sth to do 这一常用结构推出。【分析】最佳答案是B。确实，在 “have+ 宾语 +不定式 ” 结构中，用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义， 如 I have some clothes to wash

49、等，即尽管其中的some clothes 与其后的不定式to wash 具有被动关系，但却习惯上用主动式表示被动意义。但值得指出的是，这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系，如 I have some clothes to wash 中的to wash 就是由该句主语I 来完成的。而上面一题的情形有所不同，即其中的to type 这一动作不是由句子主语you 来完成的，而是由说话者“ 我” 来完成的。比较：Are you going to Shanghai? Do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去上海吗？你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？I m

50、going to Shanghai next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下个星期我要去上海，我随身要带很多东西去。11. She took her son, ran out of the house, _ him in the car and drove quickly to the nea rest doctor s office. A. put B. to put C. putting D. having put 【陷阱】容易误选B 或 C，误认为这考查非谓语动词的用法。【分析】正确答案选A。句中的 took, ran, p