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1、Teaching methodology-Direct Method and Natural Approachcontent Introduction Introduction Principles Principles Advantages AdvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantagesDEFINITIONThe direct method of teaching foreign language, sometimes also called the natural method, Psychological Method, Oral Method and Refo
2、rmed method , refrains from using the learners native language and uses only the target language. It was established in Germany and France around 1900.Representative Berlitz Palmer principleDirect contact principle : the basic thing of the direct method is the establishment of language and to associ
3、ate the study with external experience. That is to say, in the foreign language teaching, each word represents the thing or the significance of direct contact, not through translation. Based on the principle of spoken English, oral English teaching is the major means and purpose of the entry-level s
4、tage To imitate : through a variety of means to repeat the sentence. Imitation and habits help to achieve automatic degree. In addition to the above four major principles of the direct method, there are other teaching principles, such as the selection of language materials, progressive principle, pr
5、inciple of interestAdvantages1.Using a variety of visual aids Using the teaching way that close to the real life Help to cultivate the ability of thinking in a foreign language.2.The study and application pay attention to the language practice, students learning enthusiasm, learning interest3.Pay at
6、tention to speaking and pronunciation teaching so that we can effectively cultivate students ability of using languageDisadvantages1.Exclusion of native language, so that some abstract and complicated concepts are difficult to understand2.There is no clear grammar explanations, lead students to say
7、more errors.The natural approachDefinitionThe Natural Approach emphasizes natural communication rather than formal grammar study and is tolerance of learners errors. The core of the Natural Approach is language acquisition which is considered a subconscious process.Representative Tracy Terrell Steph
8、en KrashenBackground自然教学教学法于1977年提出,源于加利福尼亚亚的特瑞尔(TTerrell)的西班牙语课语课堂教学实践教学实践以及它对它对第二外语习语习得的研研究成果 。1977年他发发表的第二的第二语语言言习习得和得和学习学习的自然途的自然途径径成成为为自然自然教学教学法的法的开开端端特瑞尔特瑞尔与与克拉申克拉申(SKrashen)联联合,合,运运用第二用第二语语言言习习得理得理论论,提出了,提出了自然自然教学教学模式,模式,并并于于1983年出版了自然路年出版了自然路径径(The Natural Approach)一一书书克拉申克拉申总结总结了第二了第二语语言的言的
9、研研究成果,究成果,并并使之系使之系统统化,提出了一化,提出了一个较为个较为完整的第二完整的第二语语言言习习得理得理论论,即,即监监察模式(察模式(the monitor model)1983年,特瑞尔和克拉申合作年,特瑞尔和克拉申合作发发表了自然途表了自然途径径:课课堂中的堂中的语语言言习习得得一一书书,它标它标志着自然志着自然教学教学法的正式确立。法的正式确立。Theoretical basis 习习得-学习学习假说说(acquisition-learning hypothesis) 自然顺顺序假说说(natural order hypothesis) 监监控假说说(monitor-hyp
10、othesis) 输输入假说说(input hypothesis ) 情感过滤过滤假说说(affection filter hypothesis)Teaching aim:(1) to develop communicative skills, both oral and written, for students;(2) to enable students to function adequately in the target language;(3) to enable students to make their meaning clear;(4) to enable student
11、s to use “contextual inference” strategies;(5) to help students to understand goals in terms of situations, functions and topics. Main features:1. Pre-Production 1. Pre-Production 2. Early Production 2. Early Production 3.Speech Emergen3.Speech Emergence ce 4. Intermediate Flu4. Intermediate Fluency
12、ency自然教学法第第一阶段,教师在课堂上和学生自然地谈话,一阶段,教师在课堂上和学生自然地谈话,使用基本的词汇和句型,并且突出。重复重使用基本的词汇和句型,并且突出。重复重点词汇。教师通过身体动作和视觉提示,如点词汇。教师通过身体动作和视觉提示,如图片、实物等,帮助学生理解。只要求学生图片、实物等,帮助学生理解。只要求学生能够听懂和执行简短的英语指令,作出非语能够听懂和执行简短的英语指令,作出非语言性的反应。许多学生开口之前要经过一个言性的反应。许多学生开口之前要经过一个“沉默沉默”的阶段,这是正常的。在这个时候,的阶段,这是正常的。在这个时候,教师要有耐心,不要多催逼。教师要有耐心,不要多
13、催逼。第第二阶段,教师自然地和学生谈话,选择使用二阶段,教师自然地和学生谈话,选择使用简单的词汇和句子结构,继续注意学生是否简单的词汇和句子结构,继续注意学生是否能够对简单的英语指令作出正确的反应。此能够对简单的英语指令作出正确的反应。此外,教师可以使用一般疑问句、选择疑问句外,教师可以使用一般疑问句、选择疑问句以及以及 Wh- 起首的特殊疑问句进行提问,要起首的特殊疑问句进行提问,要求学生用一、两个单词或短语回答问题。学求学生用一、两个单词或短语回答问题。学生应能听懂这些问题,并作出回答。生应能听懂这些问题,并作出回答。 第第三阶段,教师使用自然、简单的语言和学三阶段,教师使用自然、简单的语
14、言和学生谈话,用生谈话,用 How 起首的特殊疑问句提问,起首的特殊疑问句提问,要求学生用短语或完整的句子作解释,表达要求学生用短语或完整的句子作解释,表达自己的意见。教师应鼓励学生在实际生活中自己的意见。教师应鼓励学生在实际生活中用英语表达思想,与人交流。用英语表达思想,与人交流。 第第四阶段,教师可以继续使用直观教具,强四阶段,教师可以继续使用直观教具,强化重点词汇。同时,教师可以选择一个题目化重点词汇。同时,教师可以选择一个题目或要求描绘一个情景,引导学生使用英语。或要求描绘一个情景,引导学生使用英语。在这个阶段,学生应能用英语随意交谈,广在这个阶段,学生应能用英语随意交谈,广泛参加社交
15、活动,并能在学术会议上,用流泛参加社交活动,并能在学术会议上,用流利的英语答辩和讨论问题。利的英语答辩和讨论问题。Advantages : The classroom consisting of acquisition activities can be an excellent environment for beginners. Comprehensible and meaningful practice activities are emphasized. The teacher creates speeches which enable students to interact usi
16、ng the target language. Students are not forced to respond in the target language immediately. Students interact in meaningful situation at their own level. The teacher knows students needs and concentrates on appropriate and useful areas. Disadvantages: 1) It ignores many factors essential in secon
17、d language course design. 2) It simply borrows techniques from other methods. 3) There is nothing novel about its procedures and techniques. 4) There are still many problems in the research method.Conclusion NA和Direct Method (DM;又称称Natural Method)常常被认为认为是相同的教教法,其实它们实它们各有不同的特色:DM是依据幼儿儿自然而然习习得母语语的经验经验所创创立,教教法中强调教师调教师用second language和切合的场场景直接上课课、问问答、重复复重点,并并要求学学生要练习练习做到正确无误误的地步;NA的理论论基础础却是根据成功习习得second language的一些自然共通原则则,并并强调调上课课之内内容(而非课课堂上的练练习习)、重视学视学生学习学习心理、以及学学生充分了解(comprehension)second language后准备开备开始用口语语表达达前的预备预备 / 调调适期。
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