2021届高考英语二轮复习专项解密15阅读理解之词义猜测题含解析.doc

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1、解密15 词义猜测题序号题型真题Part 1解密高考考点综述 备考建议Part 2对点解密考点精准说1. 真题对点析1. 对点模拟练1.Part 3强化集训真题模测、典题模测Part 1解密高考【考点综述】词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。【备考建议】 根据高考对词义猜测题的要求，考生应该注意运用释义法、对比法、相似法、语境推断法及构词推断法解答此类题，并在复习中应该从以下几方面做起：1.根据阅读材料所提供的信息，

2、结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词，在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。2.猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，注意通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词 义的具体内容。3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用逻辑关系梳理法、递向寻踪法理清人物及事物 之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。4.注意其【设问形式】1. The underlined word in the second(third) paragraph refers to(means) _.2. By saying that in the first(second) paragraph, the

3、 author means that _.3. In paragraph , can be replaced by _.4. The meaning of in paragraph is related to _.5. Which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?6. The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.Part 2对点解密【考点精准说】1-相似法利用同义词、近义词（词组）或相似的结构猜测词义。在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现

4、与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。【真题对点析】1（2020浙江高考真题） .The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally dont flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rus

5、h hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.That is by design. Bellevue, a fast

6、-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work an

7、d home.17What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?AIncreased length of green lights.BShortened traffic signal cycle.CFlexible timing of traffic signals.DSmooth traffic flow on the road.【答案】C指代猜测题。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of

8、 the signals changes.(就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化)”可知，第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C项。【对点模拟练】1Fermats Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest

9、 mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. 65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?

10、A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding. C. To provide a person with an explanation. D. To limit peoples imagination.【答案】B【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。【考点精准说】2-对比法利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系

11、的词（组）猜测词义。对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。表示对比的信号词有yet, but, while, though, however, otherwise, on the one hand.on the other hand, for one thing.for another thing, instead of等

12、。【真题对点析】2（2020全国高考真题）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), its

13、the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.14What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?ABig eaters.BOverweight persons.CPicky eaters.DTall thin persons.【答案】D【分析】词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people

14、who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。【对点模拟练】2A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Bet

15、h Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. 74. What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean? A. A party designed by specialists. B. A plan requiring careful thought. C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble. D. A demand made by guests.【答案】C【解析】根据前句的否定doesnt与后句的肯定can be这

16、一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, trouble相近。答案为C。【考点精准说】3-释义法有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。常见的词有：mean, that is, in other words, for example, for instance, such as.【真题对点析】3（2020江苏高考真题） For tho

17、se who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and

18、exercise might affect general health.9The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “_”.Adigest the meal easilyBmanage without breakfastCdecide wisely what to eatDeat whatever is offered【答案】B词句猜测题。根据下文working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eat

19、ing first可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。【对点模拟练】3“Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and se

20、asonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?A. Growing

21、interest in organic food.B. Better quality of organic food.C. Rising market for organic food.D. Higher prices of organic food.【答案】A【解析】由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。【考点精准说】4-语境推断法任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整

22、整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。1根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。例如：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket

23、of fun.What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。2根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。

24、表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是健谈的。3根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例如：I feel that since you are my super

25、ior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to _ .Afull of respectBtoo confident and rudeClacking in experienceDtoo shy and quiet根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（既然你是我的上司），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做

26、会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：修剪（树枝等）的意思。4根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例如：William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and

27、ill together.The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .Asimple Bmixed Csad Dhappy句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：混合的，交织的，答案是：B。Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers

28、 at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。【真题对点析】4 （2019江苏卷）In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone

29、 before:he couldnt find the parks volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature thats what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldnt find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of

30、 the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high

31、. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is，however，a second les known type of volcano that doesnt involve mountain buildi

32、ng. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldnt find the caldera anywhere.Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking pho

33、tographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole park-2

34、.2 million acreswas caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles acrossmuch too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.60. What does the underlined word bl

35、ow-up in the last paragraph most probably mean？ A. Hot-air balloon.B. Digital camera. C. Big photograph.D. Birds view.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代Bob Christiansen在研究黄石公园的火山历史时，奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子，原来，这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子，而是一个巨大的洞，这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。【答案】C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句Just at this time NAS

36、A decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors centers.可知，美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官员把其中

37、的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们可能会将其放大以供一个游客中心展示。故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选C。【对点模拟练】4.She became stern with Poppy.“Youre foolish, Poppy,” she said. “I have my pride,” Poppy answered. “False pride,” she hurled（斥责）back at him.3. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “stern” in paragraph 5?A. patientB. angryC

38、. respectfulD. afraid. 【答案】B 【解析】词义猜测题。下文“Youre foolish, Poppy,” she said. “I have my pride,” Poppy answered. “False pride,” she hurled（斥责）back at him.意思是“你真傻，Poppy”她说。“我有我的骄傲，” Poppy回答。“错误的骄傲，”她狠狠地回击他。由此可知She became stern with Poppy.意思是她对Poppy很生气。“stern”意思是生气的，A. patient有耐心的；B. angry生气的；C. respectf

39、ul尊敬的；D. afraid.害怕的，故选B。【考点精准说】4-构词推断法阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能的，可的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。1根据前缀猜测词义例如：Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根据词根educationa

40、l （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。2根据后缀猜测词义例如：Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point后缀 -ise/ize意思是使成为；使化，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：未被商业化的。3根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如：Go

41、od tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是设计精巧的意思。We live in a technological societ

42、y where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.根据合成词中的mass（大量的）和produce（生产），我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：大批量生产；规模生产的意思。【真题对点练】5（2020北京高考真题） Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out hu

43、ge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for whic

44、h the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. 5What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?AEnormous in quantity.BChangeable daily.CStable in quality.DPresent everywhere.【答案】D词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (

45、算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D

46、选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。【对点模拟练】5Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” 70. The underlined word “outcome

47、” in the last paragraph most probably means _.A. value B. result C. performance D. connection【答案】B【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组come out 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。Part 3强化集训【真题模测】Passage1（2020海南高考真题）The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of forbidden fruit that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol. I decided to think up