Abstract-writing.ppt

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1、Competency to be gained from this lecture从本节内容应该能学到从本节内容应该能学到 Write an abstract for a conference or a manuscript 为向科学会议投稿或者为文章撰写摘要向科学会议投稿或者为文章撰写摘要 EIS (Epidemiology intelligence service) conference-international night ICEID (International conference on emerging infectious disease) conference TEPHINE

2、T (Training program in epidemiology and public health intervention network) global conference TEPHINET biregional scientific conferenceKey areas Abstracts and their use 摘要及其用途摘要及其用途 Steps in abstract preparation 准备摘要的步骤准备摘要的步骤Abstracts What?什么是摘要什么是摘要 A succinct, accurate summary of the paper对文章简洁、准

3、确的总结对文章简洁、准确的总结 Summarize information of a paper总结文章的信息总结文章的信息Abstracts and their useWhy?为为什么什么 Is the only part of the paper that many people read可能是很多人对文章阅读的唯一部分可能是很多人对文章阅读的唯一部分 Helps readers browse and decide whether to read the rest of the paper 帮助读者浏览和决定是否阅读文章的剩余部分帮助读者浏览和决定是否阅读文章的剩余部分 Request t

4、o present at a conference要求在会议上展示要求在会议上展示 Is free免费免费The abstract prepared for a conference为会议准备摘要为会议准备摘要- -凡事预则立，不预则废凡事预则立，不预则废 Objective 目的目的 Gain acceptance to present at a conference 获得在大会展示（口头报告或海报）的机会获得在大会展示（口头报告或海报）的机会 Circumstances 情形情形 Written before the completion of final report在完成最终报告前撰写

5、摘要在完成最终报告前撰写摘要 May be based upon preliminary analysis 可以在初步分析的基础上撰写可以在初步分析的基础上撰写 Remains in the proceedings 正在现场处理中正在现场处理中 May be quoted 可以被引用可以被引用Abstracts and their useThe abstract of a manuscript Objective Summarize the key elements of a manuscript Circumstances Finalize after the completion of t

6、he manuscript Based upon final analysis Included in several abstracting services (including PubMed) May be the only thing that will be read of your workAbstracts and their useEvaluation Criteria（EIS）投其所好投其所好 Background and rationale for the study（0-2） Is the problem clearly described and of high pub

7、lic health importance?Methods （0-8） Are epidemiologic comparisons clearly stated? Are critical definitions clearly stated and obvious (for example, case, principal exposure) Do the selected methods correspond with the nature of the study and study questions? Is a clear and easy-to-follow sequence of

8、 methods presented? Are essential methods described with precision and avoid undefined term or jargon? Overall methods: were they appropriate and adequately described? Data analysis/statistics: were they appropriate and adequately described? (P-values, confidence interval) Originality: was the study

9、/investigation cutting edge/novel approach? Results （0-2） Are the results relevant to the problem and reported in sufficient detail? Recommendations （0-2） Are the recommendations clear, feasible and supported by the results?Impact （0-4） Will this study/investigation produce a change in practice and

10、policy? Was an effect on the health of the population at risk demonstrated or reported?Overall Impression （0-6） Is the writing clear and brief? Is there a logical sequence and cohesiveness among all abstract sections? Are proper and simple terms used to describe methods and discuss findings?Basic ru

11、les of an abstract A summary of the source report The same order of source report Information only from source report Fully understood on its own Does not refer to source reportAbstracts and their useSteps in preparing an abstract Chose topic Review data / report Review rules of conference or journa

12、l Extract ideas and data from report Organize extracted material within outline Write and revisePreparing an abstractsThe presentation should focus on one main point A field investigation can have 1 important finding A 10 minute presentation can effectively develop only 1 main finding Select one onl

13、y for the abstract You can write 1 abstractChecklist to choose a topic for an abstract to be submitted to a conferenceInvestigation completedAnalysis completedData tables readyKey graphs drawnMain conclusion and recommendations clear Results discussed with team: Locally (Administrative clearance) Su

14、pervisors (Academic clearance)Things to avoid when choosing a topic to present at a conference Investigation already presented Investigation already published Incomplete analysis Uncertainty on key interpretation No agreement to make the results publicReview rules of conference or journal Format (ou

15、tline or arrangement) Word or character limit Title, authors and affiliations Author approvals Special rules for submitting Deadline for submittingUse Font style and size prescribed by conferenceTimes New Roman font size =11 pointDouble spacing of abstract textLeft aligned (do not justify)Reviewing

16、data and report If written report is available: Review report If written report not complete: Review protocol Analyze data Arrange in text, tables, graphs and charts Identify key pieces of evidence Draw main conclusion Propose essential recommendationsReview rules of conference or journal Structure

17、Imposed(Introduction, methods, results and conclusions) None (unstructured) Common word limits 250-275 structured 100 unstructured Write structured abstract and editStructured abstractBackgroundLittle information is available on the knowledge about scientific writing among medical teachers MethodsWe

18、 administered a 10-point questionnaire to test knowledge about scientific writing among medical teachers participants attending a writing workshop. Results32 medical teachers participated. Of these, only 20 (63%) achieved a score of 50% or above. The younger participants (aged less than 30 years) sc

19、ored worse than the older participants (aged = 30 years), the average scores in the two groups being 4.5 + 1.7 and 6.5 + 1.5 , respectively (t-test; p 30 years), the average scores in the two groups being 6.5 + 1.5 and 4.5 + 1.7, respectively (t-test; p70 rash illnesses in a universityAvoid general,

20、 non-specific statements of importance Worldwide tuberculosis remains a leading infectious cause of mortality Campylobacter is an important cause of diarrhea in China Little is known about the impact of advanced HIV disease on renal dysfunctionThe objective should logically follow The effect of univ

21、ersal screening for EOGBS on racial differences in disease are not known We investigated this outbreak to determine the source of the rash illness and prevent future outbreaksMethods paragraph of an abstract Study design Definitions Participants Any interventions, treatments Data collection Analysis

22、 Additional investigations: Laboratory methods Environmental assessment Example case definitions We defined a mumps case as parotitis lasting 2 days or orchitis in a male with onset from January to March 2007 in a student of college A Cases were infants 1000) 91% (45) of EC O157:H7 case-patients ate

23、 fresh spinach compared to 52% (50) of control-persons (matched odds ratio MOR= 57; 95% confidence interval CI = 9.5 - 1000)Show key rates in addition to risk ratios and odds ratios Poor Persons who ate fresh spinach were more likely to develop EC O157:H7 infection (RR = 23; 95% confidence interval

24、= 5.7- 91) Good 69% of 82 persons who ate fresh spinach developed EC O157:H7 infection compared to 3% of 78 persons who did not (RR=23; 95% CI = 5.7 - 93)Let the data explain do not state conclusions in the results The higher rate 57% of rash in students exposed to meatballs compared to 16% in unexp

25、osed students indicates that meatballs caused the rash 57% of students (255) exposed to meatballs developed rash compared to 16% of unexposed students (225)Use 2 significant figures Poor 59.44% of case patients ate meatballs compared to 16.77% of control-person (OR = 7.03; 95% CI = 3.48-14.34) Good

26、59% of case patients ate meatballs compared to 17% of control-persons (OR = 7.0; 95% CI = 3.5-14)Example of results sectionAmong the XXX of the XXX guests interviewed (XX%) Response, the median age was XX years, XX (XX%) were female, Characteristics of subjects and XXX were sick (XX%). Indicators Th

27、e attack rate was higher among those who ate the fried fish compared to those who did not (relative risk: XX, 95% confidence interval: XX-XX, attributable fraction: XX%). Statistics Staphylococcus toxin was identified in the food leftovers. Additional investigations The fish egg-based batter has bee

28、n left at room temperature 5 hours before cooking by a foodhandler with chronic staphylococcus infection. Additional investigationsRevised Example of results sectionWe interviewed XX% (XXX) of the XXX guests. Response, Their median age was XX years, XX% were female, Characteristics of subjects and X

29、X% were sick. Indicators Among XX guests who ate fried fish the attack rate was XX% compared to YY% among YY guests who did not (relative risk: XX, 95% confidence interval: XX-XX, attributable fraction: XX%). Statistics Staphylococcus toxin was identified in the food leftovers. Additional investigat

30、ions The fish egg-based batter has been left at room temperature 5 hours before cooking by a foodhandler with chronic staphylococcus infection. Additional investigationsConclusion paragraph of an abstract Key conclusion Integrate multiple lines of supporting evidence (if necessary) Key recommendatio

31、n or action Mention actual or potential effect of the action(If possible) Limit to issues directly supported by data Remain general and robust if details needs further discussionsPrinciple for recommendation Evidence based Specific Feasible Cost-effective Acceptable EthicalThe conclusion answers the

32、 question posed in the objective.ProblemAnalytic epidemiologyConfirmatory studyConclusionRecommendationsObjectiveMethodsDescriptive epidemiologyThe recommendations address the problemProblemAnalytic epidemiologyConfirmatory studyConclusionRecommendationsObjectiveMethodsDescriptive epidemiologyTypica

33、l conclusion and action Failure to comply with respiratory infection control recommendations contributed to these Acinetobacter infections. Both hospitals have improved infection-control practices, particularly in the ICU setting.The conclusion should answer the objective. Objective: We investigated

34、 this outbreak to determine the source of the rash illness and prevent future outbreaks Conclusions/recommendations: The strong association and dose-response indicate that Lymantra caterpillars were responsible for of this outbreak. We recommended measures for Lymantra control during future seasonal

35、 increasesKeep results out of the conclusion Conclusions: We isolated EC O157:H7 from Brand A spinach to further substantiate our conclusion that spinach caused the outbreak.Avoid repeating results in the conclusion avoid redundancy Results: 78% of respondents knew about influenza vaccine while 10%

36、of eligible respondents had received influenza vaccine. Conclusions: More than 75% had knowledge about influenza vaccine but only 10% had received influenza vaccine.Avoid repeating results in the conclusion avoid redundancy Results: 78% of respondents knew about influenza vaccine while 10% of eligib

37、le respondents had received influenza vaccine. Conclusions: The knowledge about influenza vaccine was very good but the practice was poor.Example of conclusion sectionThis staphylococcus food-borne outbreak was caused by an infected food handler with poor food hygiene practices. Key conclusion Publi

38、c health authorities should work with food handlers to improve food safety during festivals and large gatherings. Key recommendationKey words after the conclusion Select the most important issues covered in your abstract Go to PubMed http:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrezUnder “Search” select “MeSH

39、”Add the term that you want to useIf phrase not found, try another.Do a word or character countWriting the abstractMake key linkages between ideas Add words or phrases to extracted material Review and rearrange order of ideas and dataProceed in two steps: Start by writing all what needs to be stated

40、 Identify and remove unnecessary elementsRewrite1. ReviseRule #1: The primacy of data Do not begin without data Maximize space devoted to data Minimize space for words that do not provide data or information:“Additional data will be shown”“These results will be discussed”“Have not yet been establish

41、ed”Being specific Avoid vague, unclear or obvious statements Strong verbs make strong sentences:“A descriptive study was done” “We performed a matched case control study” Specify methods of measurement Give rates whenever possible Present data instead of names “A point source was noted” “Case counts

42、 rose from July 7, peaked on July 10 and decreased to baseline levels by July 14”More tactics Quantify Avoid repetition or redundancy Do not add material not found in report Let the data explain Avoid explanations Avoid distorting the elementary messagesAvoid “There is” and “It is ” There were 215 p

43、ersons in the village. 215 persons lived in the village. The village had 215 persons. It is clear that contaminated meatballs caused the outbreak. Contaminated meatballs caused the outbreak. Remove adverbs they are usually inexact substitutes for data Many, most, just, only, slightly, greatly, Adver

44、bs indicate degree, number etc. Adverbs compare without data Adverbs indicate quality (or lack of)Revising Allow plenty of time Write Re-write Share with co-authors Share with supervisors Revise, revise, revise Conduct final radical wordectomy Check with editor Seek clearanceTake home messages It is

45、 harder to be short than to be long Systematic preparation and iterative rewriting are key to success ExampleInvestigation on a measles outbreak in low vaccine coverage children in *town, *province, 2010Original Background On July 6, 2010, the parents of a confirmed measles patient reported several

46、suspected measles patients with fever and rash in their village. An investigation was conducted to verify and understand the cause of the outbreak.Improved Background Improving vaccination coverage among children of migrant workers (MW) is an important part of Chinese goal of measles elimination by

47、2012. On July 6, 2010, the parents of a confirmed measles patient reported several similar patients in their village. We conducted an investigation to verify and understand the cause of the outbreak.Original Methods A suspected case was onset of fever and rash among a resident of this village and ot

48、her neighboring villages during June 1 to August 3, 2010. A confirmed case was a suspected case with measles-specific IgM identified in the serum. We conducted door-to-door visits and searched the China Information System For Disease Control and Prevention to find cases. A retrospective cohort study

49、 among migrant children aged 8 months-14 years was conducted to identify risk factors for measles infection. Improved Methods We defined a suspected case as onset of fever and rash among a resident of this village and other neighboring villages during June 1 to August 3, 2010. A confirmed case was a

50、 suspected case with measles-specific IgM identified in the serum. We conducted door-to-door visits and searched measles surveillance records to find cases. A retrospective cohort study among children of MW children aged 8 months-14 years was conducted to identify risk factors for measles infection.