2022年中考英语基础知识II下 .pdf
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1、中考基础知识(JUNIOR BOOK II 下)一知识网络【重点内容概要】1应答与邀请2简单句的五种基本句型3情态动词can, may,must 的用法4When,before,after 等连词引导的时间状语从句和if 引导的条件状语从句5Have to 的用法6系动词7不定式作宾语的用法8不定代词的用法9表示容量的词和食品名称连用,以说明食品的数量10交际项目:1)问路和指路2)禁止和警告3)看病11理解并运用并列句12形容词和副词的比较级,以及它们之间等级的转换13冠词的用法14过去进行时用法15表示祝贺、祝愿、劝告和建议的交际用语,以及表示“确信”的基本句型常考题型:选择题、句型转换及
2、用所给词的适当形式填空【句型、词组精讲】1. Could you ask him to call me, please? 请你让他给我回电话好吗?ask sb. to do sth. 请某人做某事,ask sb. not to do sth.请某人不要做某事。不定式在句中作宾语补足语。适用于该句型的动词还有want, tell, like, would like, teach等。如: The teacher asked Sam not to be late. 老师叫萨姆不要迟到。Liu Ying told me to wait for her at home. 刘英让我在家里等她。Mr. Zh
3、ang often teaches his Japanese friends to cook Chinese food. 张先生常常教他的日本朋友做中国菜。2. But there were not enough people to pick them. 但是他们没有足够多的人来摘苹果。enough 在此是形容词,意为“足够的”,它修饰名词时,通常放在名词之前,有时放在名词之后。enough 作副词修饰形容词和副词时,放在它们的后面。如:The boy is old enough to go to school. 这个男孩到了上学的年龄了。He didn t run fast enough t
4、o catch the bus. 他跑的不够快,没有赶上公共汽车。3. They needed to climb up the trees with ladders. 他们需要梯子来爬上树。need 在本句中为实义动词,其后可接不定式或名词。如:He needs to see a doctor. 他需要去看医生。We need some more water. Could you get some for us? 我们还需要些水。你能为我们弄些吗?climb up 意为“爬上” ,up 在此为介词。如:Dont climb up the hill. 不要爬山。with 是“用,借助”的含义。如
5、:We see with our eyes and hear with our ears. 我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听。4. Its best to wear cool clothes. 最好穿凉快的衣服。Its best to do sth. 意为“最好去做某事” 。这里的 it 为形式主语,真正的主语为to do sth. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 21 页如:Its best to get there before 8 oclock. 最好八点钟以前赶到。5. The farmers are all busy g
6、etting ready for the next year. 农民们正忙着为下一年做准备。be busy doing sth. “忙于做某事” 。如:The farmers are busy picking apples. (=The farmers are busy with the apple harvest.)get ready for “为做准备” , 类似的短语还有: get ready to do “准备做” ; get sth. ready“把某事准备好” ; be ready “准备好了” 。如:I m getting ready for the new lesson. 我正
7、在为新课做准备。Get your books ready. 准备好你们的书。Supper is ready. 晚饭准备好了。6. “Im here!” said Jim. “And so is Polly! ” “我在这!”吉姆说。“波利也来了! ”“ so + be (have ,助动词 )+主语”结构为倒装语序,表示前句所述的情况也适合于另一个人或事。如:He can speak English, so can I. 他会讲英语,我也会。I watched the TV programme last night. 昨天晚上我看了那个电视节目。So did I. 我也看了。注意此结构中, 前
8、后两后的主语是两个人或物,后一句的时态必须和前一句保持一致,但人称和数则应与后句主语保持一致。比较: so+主语 +be 动词(助动词、情态动词),此结构常常就前面提到的事实予以确认或赞同,意为“的确如此” 、 “是呀”等。如:It s your turn. 轮到你了。So it is. 是的,轮到我了。7. Im going to get it back. 我准备把它取回来。get back为“动词 +副词”类短语。代词作宾语时要放在动词与副词中间。类似的短语还有: pick up, ring up, find out, turn on (off, up, down)等。如:The radi
9、o is too noisy, please turn it down. 收音机太吵闹,请把它(声音)调低些。If you don t know the meaning of the word, please look it up in a dictionary. 如果你不知道这个单词的含义,请在辞典里查一下。8. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 这是一个重要句型,意思是“某人花费一些时间做某事”,可根据需要用不同的时态。如:It took me half an hour to go to school by bike yesterday. 有时这个句型可以
10、和spend句型转换。如上面这一句也可以说:I spent half an hour (in) going to school by bike yesterday. 9. It is nice +V-ing. 这个句型也可以说成It is nice to do. 意思是“做真好” 。如: It was nice talking to you. (和你谈话真高兴。 )Its nice of you to ask me to your party. (谢谢你请我参加你的晚会). 10. There s something wrong with . 这个句型表示 “出了毛病了” 。 就等于 Some
11、thing is wrong with . 句型。如将 something换为 nothing, 则表示“没出什么事儿”。如: There s something wrong with my nose. There s nothing wrong with her. 11. There he is! 这是个倒装句型, 把所强调部分there 提到了句首。 如果主语是代词则用There (Here) + 代词+谓语;如果主语是名词,则用There (Here) +谓语 +名词。如: Here comes Li Lei. (李雷来了) 。There goes the bell. (铃声响了。 )H
12、ere it is. (它在这儿。 )12. until 与 till 同义,既可用作介词又可用作连词。它常用于以下两种句型:(1) 用于肯定句时, 意思是“直到为止” , 句子谓语一般用延续性动词(如 stay, live, work, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 21 页study 等) ,表示动作一直延续到until 所表示的时间为止。如:He listened to the radio until his father came back. 他听收音机,直到他父亲回来为止。He will be here un
13、til Sunday. 他将在这儿一直呆到星期天。(2)用于否定句时,意思是“在以前(before) ” , “直到才” ,句子谓语一般是短暂动词(如come, die, leave 等) ,它所表示的动作直到until 所表示的时间才发生。如:I didn t go to bed until eleven o clock last night. 昨晚我直到十一点才睡觉。The students will not begin the meeting until their teacher comes. 学生们等老师到了才开会。until 与 till 可换用,不过,口语中常用till ,正式文
14、体中常用until 。13. interest, interested, interesting. 这三个词都与 “兴趣” 有关。interest 作动词时, 要求“人”作宾语。 如:This new invention will interest you. 这项新发明会引起你的兴趣。它作名词时, 所构成的词组是place of interest(名胜)。 interested 是过去分词表示人的感觉,现在常用作形容词, 构成的句式是“be (become) interested in” 来表示主语“对感兴趣” 之意, 要求主语是“人” 。 如: I am interested in Engl
15、ish. interesting 是现在分词, 表示事物具有能引起人们的某种感觉的能力。其意思是“有趣味的” ,常用作形容词, 可作定语和表语。 其主语通常是事或物。如:interesting games can always make children happy.(有趣味的游戏总能使孩子们快乐。)The story is interesting. 14. instead, instead of instead 是副词, 含“代替; 更换” 之意, 可理解为 instead of 的省略, 避免不必要的重复,省略的部分是介词of 及其宾语, 常放在句末。 如:Mr. Black is ill
16、, so Miss Green is talking his class instead (of him). instead of 是个复合介词,它后面可接名词、代词、V-ing 形式等。如:Ill go to bed instead of watching TV . 我将睡觉,而不看电视。【口语回顾】1. Could I speak to, please? 电话术语,意为“我可以和通话吗?找接电话好吗?”句中Could 还可替换为Can 或 May。如: Hello, could (can/ may) I speak to Mr. Brown, please? 你好,请布朗先生接电话好吗?
17、Yes, just a minute, please. 当然,请稍等一下。2. Im afraid. 委婉用语。用于礼貌地拒绝某人或对其发生或将要发生的不幸表示惋惜。意为“抱歉,对不起,恐怕” 。如:I cant come to supper, Im afraid. 恐怕我不能去吃晚饭了。Can you go with us now? 你现在能同我们一起去吗?Im afraid not. 对不起,我不能。Are we late? 我们晚了吗?Im afraid so. 恐怕是的。3. It s a pleasure. 用于回答感谢之类的话的客套用语。意为“能帮上你的忙我很高兴;不客气;不用谢。
18、”它还可表达为Its my pleasure/ My pleasure / A pleasure. 如:Thank you very much for passing the message on to him! 非常感谢你把口信传给了他!Its a pleasure! 请别客气!Thanks for helping me yesterday! 多谢你昨天帮助我!My pleasure! Nice to see you again. 不用谢!很高兴又见到你!4. Can I take a message for you? 询问对方是否愿意留下口信可用此句式。意为“我给你带个口信,好吗?”类似的
19、表达还精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 21 页有: May I take a message for you? / Would you like to leave a message? 5. by the way. 常用作插入语。用于提出一个新的话题或提起一件已经忘记的事,意为“顺便说一下,顺便问一下,且说,另外”等。如: By the way, there was a telephone call for you. 对啦,有你一个电话。6. What s the weather like?此句式用于询问某地或某时天气如
20、何,意为: “的天气如何?” 。 还可表达为How is (the) weather?如: Whats the weather like in Beijing now? 现在北京天气如何? Its nice and cool. 很凉爽。7. I think so. 有保留地同意或赞同别人的意见或看法时,可用此语。如: Can you mend the bike? 你能修理这辆自行车吗? Yes, I think so. 我想可以。直截了当地表达不同意见,可用I dont think so 或 I think not 。如: Can you mend a clock? Sorry, I don
21、t think so. 8. Would you like to ?发出邀请的常见句式,带有商量、询问、试探性的口气,意为“你愿意吗?”应答时常用: Yes, I d love (like) to. 是的,我很乐意。Id love to, but 我很愿意,不过。如:Would you like to come for dinner tonight? Thank you, I d love to. Would you like to come to the party tonight? I d love to, but I m too busy. 9. What can I do for yo
22、u? 商店售货员、 报务员等招呼顾客的礼貌用语,也用于表示主动关心和愿意帮助别人用语。不同场合可以有不同的译法。类似的表达还有: Can (May) I help you? / Is there anything I can do for you? 在向顾客打招呼时, 后面还可以加 “sir” 或 “madam” 。 对它的应答可以说: Yes, please/ Yes, Id like to / Yes, Im looking for / Yes, I want to。如: What can I do for you? I want to buy a sweater for my son.
23、Can I help you? I d like a new skirt. Please show me the red one. 10. Help oneself (to ). 这是招待客人时常用的交际用语。意思是“请随便 (吃)” 。 如:Xiao Wang, help yourself to some bananas. (小王,请随便吃香蕉吧。 )Children, help yourselves to some apples.(孩子们,请随便吃些苹果吧。 )11. 问路与指路(1) 问路:a. Where s the (nearest), please? b. Is there a n
24、ear there? c. Which is the way to , please? d. How can I get to ? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 21 页e. Do you tell me the way to? f. Can you tell me the way to ? g. Can you tell me how to get to ? h. I want to go to . Do you know the way? i. I m looking for . Where is it, do y
25、ou know? (2) 指路:可根据具体情况,将下列有关句子组织起来。a. It s over there. b. It s behind (next to, in front of, near, outside) thec. Walk along the road (street). d. Take the first (second 等) turning on the left. (right). e. It s about metres along on the right (left). f. Walk on and turn right. (left). g. Turn right
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