2022年高考英语语法总结 .pdf

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1、高考英语语法总结一.非谓语动词一.不定式 : 一)不定式得常考形式 : 1) 一般形式 :He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others、被动形式 : He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do、语法功能 : 表示与谓语动词同步发生2) 完成形式 :He pretended not to have seen me、被动形式 :The book is said to have been translated into many languages、语法功能 :

2、表示发生在谓语动词之前二)不定式常考得考点 : 1)不定式做定语将要发生2)不定式做状语目得3)不定式充当名词功能To see is to believe 、三)不定式得省略1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作得完整性 ,真实性 ; + doing 表示动作得连续性 ,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday、昨天我瞧见她在花园里干活了。(强调我瞧见了 这个事实 ) I saw him working in th

3、e garden yesterday、昨天我见她正在花园里干活。(强调我见她正干活 这个动作 ) 感官动词后面接形容词而不就是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels fortable 、2) 使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原 to I d like to have John do it 、I have my package weighed、Paul doesnt have to be made to learn、3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to d

4、o 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如: want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do 、 be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do 、 begin to do 、 start to do We agreed _ here

5、,but so far she hasnt turned up yet.(NMET 1995) A.having met B.meeting C.to meet D.to have met (Key:C) 五) 有得时候 to 后面要接 ing 形式名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition t

6、o; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to、三、need/want 后得 ing 形式具有被动得意思。其中,want 不太常用。He needs (a lot of) enco

7、uraging、二、 动名词 : 具有动作性特征得名词1)就是名词seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语starving troops is necessary、一)动名词得形式 : 一般形式 :I dont like you smoking 、完成形式 :I regret not having taken your advice、被动形式 :This question is far from being settled、二) 动名词常考得点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词与不定式中 ,做为介词得宾语就是动名词3)动名词得否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词

8、得宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语、I would appreciate_ back this afternoon.(MET 1992) A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.youre calling(Key:C your calling 也对) I regret not having taken your advice、4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; disl

9、ike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand、另外还有一些接 ing 形式得常用

10、说法 : its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point、5 有些词后加不定式与动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式与 ing 形式,意义截然不容。I remembered to post the

11、letters、 (指未来 /过去未来得动作 ) I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作 ) forgot remember 得用法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知您 I regretted having left the firm after twenty years、 为了二十年前得离开 而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overe your shyness、名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - -

12、 - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - try ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day、I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to、 打算、想 我想去 ,但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power、 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。prefer 得用法 : 我宁愿在这里等。3 分词: 现在分词主动进行 ,过去分词被动状态现在分词得形

13、式 : 1)一般式 : Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? (与谓语动词同步发生) 2)完成形式 :Not having made adequate preparations, they failed、 (发生谓语动词之前 ) 3)完成被动形式 :Having been adapted, the script seems perfect、( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动 ) 过去分词1) 过去分词表示被动 :Fight no battle unprepared、2)过去分词得进行形式 :Youll find the topic being di

14、scussed everywhere、 (强调正在被做 ) 这三种非谓语动词 ,都可以构成复合结构 ,非谓语动词所修饰得成分就是这些非谓语动词得逻辑主语。她们之间得一致关系主动还就是被动,往往就就是考点。独立主格结构中 ,要注意得就是分词与她前面得逻辑主语之间得主动被动得关系。二:虚拟语气与情态动词情态动词得基本用法及其区别最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词得基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习时准确理解与掌握情态动词得基本用法十分重要。情态动词得用法复杂多变 ,在高考试题中 ,命题者常常利用语境与句子之间意义上得细微差别来考查学生对情态动词得理解与掌握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准

15、确掌握它们得基本用法外 ,还要充分利用高考试题所设置得语境来分析句子之间所体现得特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现得情态动词得考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习掌握。一、用情态动词 have done结构表示对过去动作得推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去得时间状语给以暗示。情态动词得这一用法可以用对立统一 来概括。1.当试题得前句与后句在动作与意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作与时间上就是一个整体时 ,我们可用 统一关系来解决这样得试题。常见得结构有: must have done: 表示对过去动作得肯定推测,常译作 一定做了 ,只能用于肯定句中。 其否定形式为 cantcouldnt h

16、ave done疑问式为 CanCould、 have done ？。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - could might have done: 表示对过去发生得动作得可能性推测,常译作 可能做了 。如: 1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he your lecture. (上海 2000) A. couldnt

17、 have attended B. neednt have attended C. mustnt have attended D. shouldnt have attended 本题选 A。2) Jack yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me. (上海97 A. mustnt have arrived B. shouldnt have arrived C. cant have arrived D. need not have arrived (C) 2.当试题得前后句在动作与意义上构成转折关系时,常借助 but, however, instead

18、 等词来表示过去得动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用 对立关系来解决这样得试题。这种结构常见得有: should have done ought to have done: 表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。should not have done ought not to have done: 表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。由句中得连词 but 可知前后句之间就是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选C。二、考查情态动词基本用法之间得比较与辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体得语境来考查考生对那些最常见得情态动词得基本用法得理解与掌握,因此在做这样得试题时应认真分析语境中所含得实际意义,并

19、结合情态动词得基本含义与用法做出正确得选择。虚拟语气 最自然得虚拟状态 :由 should/would+ 原型时态 (不含时间只含状态 ) 本质上就是过去将来时 :即,时间固定在过去将来 ,状态不同 :一般、进行、完成、完成进行。这时虚拟语气 得产生往往就是因为我们要表达本来应该 (而现在却还没有)(本来可以 ,本来能 )一些常见得句型中 ,就会出现这种虚拟语气 ,而处于从句之中 ,should 常常被省略掉o suggest, advise, propose, remend, plan; o demand, order, direct, arrange, mand, decide; o re

20、quire, request; o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect、由于她们得含义中包含 建议,假设,应该这类得含义 ,所以,由她们引起得从句中,就会包含有 should+ 原型时态构成得虚拟语气。这些动词 (以及她们得名次形式 ,分词形式 )引起得从句还有其她得变形名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 主语从句 ,表语从句 ,同位语从句Its suggested th

21、atMy suggestion is thatThe only suggestion that 、The only suggestion I can give you now is that 一些形容词引起得表语从句中,也会有同样得情况important; necessary; essential Its natural ; strange; incredible that a pity; a shame; no wonder ? 由 lest, for fear that, in case 引起得从句中多使用should 表达与事实相反1、 与现在相反 :使用过去时 : I wish I w

22、ere not here! ( 一般现在 一般过去 ) Suppose we were not here、He loved me as if I were his own son、 (一般现在 一般过去 ) Hope I werent always losing things! (现在进行 过去进行 ) If only/If I hadnt been there! (现在完成 过去完成 ) What if I hadnt been waiting right here! (现在完成进行 过去完成进行 ) 常考句型 :Its (high) time (that); would rather (t

23、hat) 这两个从句 ,只能表达对现在得瞧法 ,所以,从句中只有一般过去时。2、 与过去相反 :过去完成时 ; 3、 与将来相反？将来得事情没有发生,所以只能推测且实现可能很小I wish he could not smoke any more、不过,由于可以用 be to 表示将来 ;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现were to; 也就是CET4 得常考语法点。 虚拟条件句o if 部分,做一个与事实相反得假设 (所以只有一般过去与过去完成) o 主句部分 ,这就是表示基于这个假设得推测,一般使用情态动词would, 少数情况下使用 could/might/should 。o 注意:两个部分之间

24、,就是有逻辑关系 ,而在两部分得谓语动词时态上,没有必然得联系。 注意,虚拟条件句中得 if 可以省略 ,造成 were/had 提前,产生倒装。 隐含得非真实条件:由特殊得词给出条件 : with, without, in , but for, otherwise, or How could I be happy without you? In his shoes, I would kill myself、But for the storm, we would have arrived、三、一致关系一)主谓一致1. 主谓一致 (与插入语无关 ) 1 主谓得分隔原则 :主谓之间可以用定语从句或

25、者省略得定语从句分隔。2 定语从句中得主谓一致 : 3 随前一致 : 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - n、 + together with n2 as well as including along with with / of acpanied with / by 4 就近原则 :n1 or n2 +v(就近原则 ) either n1 or n2 5 可数 n1 and 可数 n2+v(pl) 不可数 n1

26、 and 不可数 n2+v(pl) 例外:war and peace is war and peace 就是一个整体但就是如果主语表示得就是同一个概念,同一人 ,同一事得时候 ,谓语动词用单数,这种结构得特征就是and 连接得两个词只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our country、The head master and mathematical teacher is ing、The head master and the mathematical teacher are ing、类似得还有 :law and

27、order bread and butter black and white To love and to be loved is A lawyer and a teacher are A lawyer and teacher is 6 随后原则 :not A but B / not only A but also B+v、(与 B 一致) 7 百分比结构 :most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent of+n1+v 、(由 n1 决定8 倒装结构得主谓一致 : a)There be +n 由名词决定动词b)Among , betwee

28、n等介词位于句首引起倒装结构: Among / Between +系动词 +n、 (由名词决定动词 ) 9The+adj 得主谓一致 : a)当表示 一类人 , b)当表示某一抽象概念时The good is always attractive、10 To do/doing/ 主从+vs *More than one+n many a +n 、a day or two 二)、倒装1 全部倒装就是只将句子中得谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时与一般过去时。常见得结构有:Up went the plane = the plane went up、1) here, there, n

29、ow, then, thus等副词置于句首 , 谓语动词常用 be, e, go, lie, run。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 2) 表示运动方向得副词 (back, down, off, up) 或地点状语置于句首 ,谓语表示运动得动词。注意:1) 上述全部倒装得句型结构得主语必须就是名词,如果主语就是人称代词则不能倒装。 Here he es 、 Away they went 、 2) 谓语动词就是

30、be 得时候 ,不能倒装。Here it is 、 Here you are 、3) 形容词短语 /分词短语位于句首 ,引起倒装*typical of characteristic of *coinciding with + n 4) 表示地点范围得介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词 ,一定引起倒装In ( 表语)+系动词 +主,主同。*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there *常考介词要倒装 :among between in at beneath 常考得系动词 :be lie exist remain rest 部分倒装1. 否定 adv 位于句首 ,引起倒装 :not only, not u

31、ntil, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no soon er than 1) not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装 ,not until + 句子+主谓倒装2) only+状语位于句首only +ad 、eg: recently prep、短短语eg: in recently years 从句eg: when clause only 一个词本身不倒装3) 在比较级结构中 ,than 后面可以倒装 ,也可以不倒装。部分倒装就是指将谓语得一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中得谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词 do, does 或 did

32、,并将其置于主语之前。? 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子得共同否定或者肯定,产生倒装 ,一般主动词提前 ,谓语动词得其她部分就4) as / though 引导得让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词 , 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前 )。as让步虽然 ,尽管词序倒装。语气比though 强。Successful as he is, he is not proud、 她虽成功 ,却不骄傲。Women as she is, shes every brave、Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work sati

33、sfactorily、注意:A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 B) 句首就是实义动词 , 其她助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语与状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。5) 其她部分倒装a) so that 句型中得 so; such that句型中得 such 位于句首时 ,需倒装。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch、b) 在某些表示祝愿得句型中:May you all be happy 、名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理

34、 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - c) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将 if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前 ,采取部分倒装。 Were I you, I would try it again 、四、复合句从句可分为 : ? 名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句? 形容词性从句 定语从句? 副词性从句 状语从句 常考得关系代词 :that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。 常见得同位语从句

35、现行词 (that 之前得抽象名词 ):fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding 常用得引导词o 时间状语从句 :while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner than; hardly when; scarcely/barely when; the moment/minute/i

36、nstant; on (the point of) doingo 地点状语从句 :where; wherever o 原因状语从句 :because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact thato 方式状语从句 :as; as if; as though; how; save thato 比较状语从句 :as; than; as as;

37、 not so as; hardly than;o 结果状语从句 :so that; so that; such that; so as too 条件状语从句 :if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that; giving thato 让步状语从句 :though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for

38、all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact thato 目得状语从句 :that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case定语从句 : which 引导得定语从句结构1)which 就是关系代词 ,which 后面应该加缺主语或者宾语得句子, 在这个句子中 ,which 要作成分 ,作主语或者宾语2)in which+ 完整得句子which 在定语从句中作in 得宾语 ,所以不能作后面句子得主语3)名词+of whic

39、h+ 谓语动词of which 来修饰名词 ,名词在定语从句中作主语 ,所以后面直接跟谓语动词I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary、4)介词+ which +to do 其功能相当于定语从句。The key with which to open the door is lost、5)定语从句得省略结构 : 1. 如果 that / which 在定从中作宾语,可以省略、sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

40、 - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - s+vt+n+s+v s+vt+n1+n2+vt *当做题时 ,若发现两个名词在一起 ,但就是似乎连不上 ,则一定省略 that / which,则动词为 vt,做谓语。6)定从得特殊省略the way (in which) + 句子the reason (why that)+ 句子均为完整句the time (that / when)+ 句子I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest v

41、oice in the world、By the time 省 that+句子,句子。7)定从得主系省略 (主+系可同时省 ) 即:which be , who be , 第一、特定得状语从句引导词 :although though even though when while if as 第二、从句主语与主句主语必须保持一致; 第三、从句得谓语必须就是be 动词,主语与 be 动词同进同出 ,比如上面得 they与 are 要么同时省略 ,要么同时保留。高考英语插入语及插入句得用法在 NMET 中,插入语屡见不鲜 ,由于插入语通常与句中其它成分没有语法上得关系,因此给考生得理解带来一定困难。

42、插入语多半用逗号与句子隔开,用来表示说话者对句子所表达得意思得态度。 插入语可能就是一个词、 一个短语或一个句子。一、常用做插入语得副词indeed 得确, surely 无疑, however 然而, obviously 显然, frankly 坦率地说 , naturally 自然, luckily ( 或 happily) for sb 、 算某人幸运 , fortunately 幸好, strangely奇怪, hone stly 真得, briefly 简单地说等。1、 Surely, she wont go to China Tele with you、当然她不会与您一起去中国电信

43、。2、 Strangely, he has not been to China Uni、 Still more strangely, he has not called me 、奇怪,她未来过中国联通。更奇怪,她没给我打电话。3、 Fortunately, I found the book that Id lost、幸亏我找到了已丢失得那本书。二、常见得作插入语得形容词或其短语true 真得, funny 真可笑 , strange to say 说也奇怪 , needless to say不用说 , most impor tant of all最为重要 , worse still 更糟糕得等

44、。1、 Strange to say ( 或 True), he should have done such a thing、说也奇怪 (或真得 ),她竟然做出这样得事。2、 Most important of all, you each overfulfilled your own task 、更为重要得 ,您们各自超额完成了自己得任务。三、常用作插入语得介词短语 in a few words(或 in sum, in short)简而言之 , in other words换句话说 , in a sense 在某种意义上 , in general 一般说来 , in my view 在我瞧来

45、 , in his 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - opinion(judgment)按照她得意见 ( 判断), in conclusion总之, in summary概括地说 , in fact 事实上 , in the first place 首先, in addition此外, of course当然, to our knowledge据我们所知 , to my joy(delight, satisfaction)使我欣慰 ( 高兴、满意 )得, to their surprise(astonis hment, amazement)使她们 惊 奇 得 , to her regret (disappointment)使 她 遗 憾 ( 失 望 ) 得 , for instance( 或 example)例如, as a matter of fact事实上等。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 10 页，共 10 页 - - - - - - - - -