2022年英语词汇学 .pdf

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1、一。The Development of English Vocabulary There are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries. How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies?

2、In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain bef

3、ore the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is th

4、e Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxo

5、ns, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language. But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of En

6、glish. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which 一.英语词汇的发展大约有一百万英语单词。英语也作为一种国际语言,但在这个社会。你可以看到英语 单 词 几 乎 每 一 个 地 方 , 甚 至 在non-English-spoken国家。英语是如何来的?它为什么有那么多的词汇量 ?在接下来的文章中,我也要赐给你们一个概貌对这两个问题。英国人是一个混血儿。早期岛上的居民我们现在称为英格兰都是英国人,但事实上,所有的席位是入侵者来自

7、欧洲。没有人知道了很多在罗马书是发生在英国公元前1世纪 ,但已经有至少3入侵在那之前。第一件事是由一个黑发地中海种族最早叫。另外两个是由凯尔特人部落:一是Gaels, 移民的后代就是现在的苏格兰人和爱尔兰人,一个是英国人 ,献出了自己的名字给了整个的岛英国。这是罗马征服的人。罗马人把不列颠人是一个很好的协议的他们的文明。然后开始的时候被入侵英国五世纪三个部落从北方欧洲 :盎格尔人、撒克逊人、人和朱特人。这三个部落合并成一个人,他们说三种方言说话自然生长成一个单一的语言,英语。但首先 ,这个英文字由但只有一小部分单词和一些词汇互借的。当地的词是核心句英语 ,。根据一种语言,英语划分的归类为土耳其

8、人的语言,这是一个日耳曼语言。更确切地说 ,英语属于低西日尔曼语分支印欧语系的家庭。由于复杂,英国历史的英语语言的混合的性格。一方面,它的股票和西日名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - Is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family.

9、 Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides,

10、 English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development. The history of English language is divided into three periods: 1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD ) 2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD ) 3. the modern English p

11、eriod ( from 1500AD up to now ) As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it the pre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet

12、and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language. Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it is a

13、lso been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not 尔曼语中许多常见的单词和类似的语法结构。另一方面,超过一半的英语字汇是取自于拉丁语和法语。除此之外,英语已经接受了词汇的世界过程的历史发展。英语的历史语言分为三个时期: 1。旧式英语时期

14、(从450AD订在 1150年), 2 。 中 间 的 英 语 时 期 ,( 从 1150AD 1500AD) 3。现代英语时期(到现在 1500AD 正如我上面所提及的,事实上 ,这也有一个阶段,我们可以称之为pre-old英语时期 ,包括凯尔特人 ,苏格兰和爱尔兰种族和文化,也威尔士种族与文化均所带来的凯尔特人。然后罗马人把拉丁字母,文明这地。在这两个正在形成的盎格鲁撒克逊人的人民,为原英语竞赛和语言。古英语母语的主要包括盎格鲁撒克逊人的人。这一时期,450AD 1150AD 被称为旧式英语时期,也被称作盎格鲁撒克逊人的时期。这一段时间做了完整的变化,因为在多数的这段时间如此末梢的名词、形

15、容词、动词的配合不被削弱了。在这个时期,当诺曼征服了英格兰在1066AD法语 ,而且大部份的英语词汇的词,借到被法语和拉丁语。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabula

16、ry was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin. Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is

17、 one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four case

18、s, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases. Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Co

19、nquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and L

20、atin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. 古英语是一个综合的语言。(有两类种语言在世界上:合成和分析。一种合成的语言的关系,显示单字造句

21、大量的利用变化的。一种分析语言的关系表明单字造句通过词序 ;介系词或辅助动词,而不是变化。 )古英语名词和形容词有四个病例:主格情况下 ,谓格情况下 ,格 accusative个案和情况。除了这 些 拉 丁 语 名 词 有 4 位 患 者 ( 的 病 例 。locative 消融 , 中世纪英语期限,1150AD 1500AD。在这段时期 ,就开始变化来分解的末尾,成为旧式英语时期大幅度减少,这是众所周知的变化被夷为平地的这一段时间。诺曼征服的原因是这种变化。 这一时期的变化都有很大的影响语法和词汇。 在语法英语已经经历了从非常有影响力的语言,一种分析语言。在此期间许多古老的英语单词也不见了,

22、但是数千条词语借用了法语和拉丁语出现在英语词汇。法国的影响更直接的英文字汇量以及可观察到的。法语单词的数量,来到英语非常多。超过一半的英语字汇是取自于拉丁语。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappear

23、ed, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of th

24、e Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The pub

25、lication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced

26、English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc. Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabu

27、lary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the 现代英语时间是从1500 到现在。了部分原大的屈折系统已经不见了,并且它就是所谓的失去了父母的时期。我们可以

28、把这段时间分为两部分:早期现代英语时期的晚现代英语的时期。早期现代英语时期,1500AD 1700AD延伸到。这个时期的主要影响极大的人文运动文艺复兴时期的人。在这段时间研究的拉丁和希腊文经典,强调了拉丁和希腊的影响英语真是太棒了。现代英语时代晚期1700AD之后就开始了。18世纪的英格兰是一场稳定和净化英语。在1755AD 出版的英语词典主编 :塞缪尔 约翰逊是一个典型的例子,巩固和净化英语在这个时期。 他把一个标准的使用英语单词 ,在拼写、意义和用法。在18世纪的法国极大地影响了英语。法语单词的数量考察期,1650AD 1800AD增长很快。如 :芭蕾舞、卡通、香槟、凝聚力、牙医、巡逻、宣

29、传、路由等。与此同时,领土扩张这一时期英帝国的扩张了英语词汇。因此,有许多词流动融入大学英语词汇,包括美国印第安人的话,墨西哥的话 ,秘鲁的话,巴西的话 ,印度和非洲的话。十九世纪和二十世纪急剧膨胀的英语名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 词汇在英语的历史。在此期间,发生了许多变化。English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this p

30、eriod many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary. Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since t

31、he Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning

32、and old words die out. Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the

33、invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process. 尤其是伟大的科学和技术的发展,反映出的英语词汇。此外 ,在工业发生了巨大的变化,在政治和社会生活,在体育和娱乐都有了许多英语词汇。自第二次世界大战期间,英语词汇地影响了社会、政治、经济,尤指科学和技术的变化。不仅英语词汇变化,而且在这一时期变化非常快。成千上万的新单词的增加,已有词语的旧词获得新的内涵和死亡。到目前为止 ,英语词汇仍然是改变,有些字出来一些灭绝。总之,随着社会的不断发展的状态 ,所以是语言问题。社会语言取决于它的存在。 随着社会的发展新对象都被创建需要发明生词和短语。因此,改变没有接触过的英语词汇是一条无尽的在变化的过程。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - -