2014高考《英语句子成分及基本结构》PPT课件.ppt
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1、英语句子成分及基本结构英语句子成分及基本结构 “雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。(一)句子成分的定义(一)句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分和次要成分; 主要成分有主要成分有主语主语(subject)和)和谓语谓语(predicate);); 次要成分有次要成分有表语表语(predicative)、宾语宾语(object)、定定语语(attribute)、状语状语(adv
2、erbial)、补足语补足语(complement)和同位语和同位语(appositive)。“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。(二)(二)句子的具体成分句子的具体成分 主语主语(subject):主语是一个句子所叙述:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语
3、可由词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句句等表示。等表示。“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。 1 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名词) 2 We often speak English in class.(代词) 3 One-third of the s
4、tudents in this class are girls.(数词) 4 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式) “雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。 5 Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词) 6 The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词) 7 When we are going to have an English test has
5、not been decided.(主语从句) 8 It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。谓语谓语(predicate) 谓语说明主语所做的谓语说明主语所做的动作动作或具有的或具有的特征和状态特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:构成如下: 1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动
6、词短语构成。如:、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词加动词、复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:原形构成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. “雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。表语表语(predicative) 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状
7、态,表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。从句表示。 “雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。 Our teacher of English is an American.
8、 (名词) Is it yours?(代词) The weather has turned cold. (形容词) The speech is exciting. (分词) Three times seven is twenty one? (数词) “雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。 His job is to teach English.(不定式) His hobby(爱好)is playing football.(动名词) The machine must b
9、e out of order.(介词短语) Time is up. The class is over.(副词) The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。宾语(object) 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词及物动词和介词后 面。例如: They went to see an exhibition . The heavy rain prevented me
10、 form coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. He pretended not to see me. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think(that)he is fit for his office. “雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网
11、应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。宾语补足语(complement of object) 英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如为:某些及物动词(如make等等+宾语宾语+宾宾补)。宾补可由补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以
12、网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。 His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now.“雪亮工程
13、是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。定语定语(attributive) 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:以下等成分表示: Guilin is a beautiful city. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. There are thirty women teachers in our school. H
14、is rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. He is reading an article about how to learn English. He is reading a book that he has never read. “雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以
15、网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。状语状语(adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示: Light travels most quickly. He has lived in the city for ten years. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. He is in the room making a model plane. Wait a minute. Once y
16、ou begin, you must continue.“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。状语种类如下 How about meeting again at six?(时间状语) Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语) I shall go there if it doesnt rain.(条件状语) Mr Smith lives on the third floo
17、r.(地点状语) She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语) She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语) In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语) She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语) I am taller than he is
18、.(比较状语)“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如: We students should study hard. We all are students. Carol , an American teacher, will come to our school.“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以
19、公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。独立成分 有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分感叹词感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词肯定词yes 否定词否定词no 称呼语称呼语:mum, dad。 插入语插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end情态词情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然,等。 “雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)
20、、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。练习练习(一)(一).指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分: 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together ea
21、rly in the morning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbial“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He
22、is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三
23、级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest,your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He not
24、iced a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative“雪亮工程是以区(县)、乡(镇)、村(社区)三级综治中心为指挥平台、以综治信息化为支撑、以网格化管理为基础、以公共安全视频监控联网应用为重点的“群众性治安防控工程”。指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分: On the left of my house is an old church. Why could the boiling point
25、 of water be lower at the top of a mountain? 3. I am not going to work today. 4. This thing is for peeling potatoes. 5.What time will you arrive? 6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free, he would make him very rich.1. 7. What nationality are you?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicat
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