最新土壤学第二部分精品课件.ppt
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1、土壤学第二部分土壤学第二部分 有1000克土样,分别含H+, Mg2+,Ca2+, Na+,K+和Al3+离子8,5,16,1,1和4 cmol,土样中有机质含量为2%(有机质平均CEC约为350 cmol/kg),粘粒含量是25%,求:土壤的CEC土壤盐基饱和度(1) 若土样仅为一种粘粒矿物组成,试推断是何种矿物?思考:1 红壤用酸不断淋洗,最后得到什么胶体?2 南方强酸性土与弱酸性土通过Al3+产生酸度的机理是否相同?为什么?The main sources of net acid inputs are as follows:The dissolution of CO2 in the so
2、il water to form carbonic acid which dissociates according to CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- H+ + CO32-The accumulation and humification of soil organic matter, producing humic residues with a high density of carboxyl and phenolic groups (羧基和酚基) that dissociate H+ ions.Inputs of H2SO4, HNO3 and (NH4)2SO
3、4 from the atmosphere or acid rain.In soils formed on marine muds (海相沉积海相沉积), or coal-bearing sedimentary rocks (碳基沉积岩)(碳基沉积岩), the oxidation of iron pyrites (黄铁矿)(黄铁矿)FeS2 gives rise to acid sulphate (硫酸盐)(硫酸盐)soils.Nitrification of NH4+ions, producing H+ ions, and NO3- which is susceptible (易受影响的易
4、受影响的) to leaching.Removal ofCa2+ and Mg2+Plant and animalresiduesATMOSPHERESOILAtmospheric inputsOf acidityWet and drydepositionH+ in solutionBiomass activity-acid productionMineralization and nitrification H+NO3Respiration H2CO3Production of organic acidsAcid attack of soil minerals-acid consumptio
5、nH+H+SolutionAl3+,Ca2+,Mg2+,K+,H+e.g. Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2OCaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2Root activity-acid productionCation and anion uptakeH+ or OH- releaseRespiration H2CO3Exudation e.g. Citric acidLeachingCation exchange- acid storageExchangeableCa2+Mg2+K+Al3+H+H+,Al3+Ca2+,Mg2+K+Solution+-+-Cl
6、ayHumus-LeachingIntogroundwaterAl3+ Ca2+Mg2+ K+H+The process of soil acidification土壤酸度的表示方法(Indicative methods of soil acidity)(一)活性酸度 pH值: 是土壤酸度的强度指标(Intensity index) Active acidity due to the H+ and Al3+ ions in the soil solution. 一般地 pHH2O pHKCl 在pH分级方面,各国的均不一致;我国土壤酸碱反应大致呈“南酸北碱”,确切地说是“东南酸而西北碱”的分布
7、趋势;大体分五级: pH酸碱度级别Grade8.5强碱性Strongly alkaline soil(二)交换性酸度Exchange aciditythe titratable (可滴定) hydrogen and aluminum that can replaced from the adsorption complex by a neutral salt solution.+ 4KCl HAl4K+ Al3+ + H+ + 4Cl-Al3+ + H2O Al(OH)3 + 3H+性质:容量指标(Capacity index);单位:cmol/kg特点:包括活性酸;(1) (2) 不能将胶体
8、上全部的H+ 、Al3+代换下来,因此,它只是潜性酸的大部分,而非全部。Salt-replaceable acidity, involving the aluminum and hydrogen that are easily exchangeable by other cations in a simple unbuffered salt solution such as KCl.Salt-replaceable acidityThe quantity of salt-replaceable acidity (exchangeable acidity) is much higher, com
9、monly more than 100 times that needed to neutralize the soil solution (active) acidity.(三)水解性酸度(Hydrolysis acidity)用弱酸强碱盐类(如NaAc)浸提土壤,将交换性H+ , Al3+置换到土壤溶液中所显示的酸度性质:容量指标(Capacity index);单位:cmol/kg特点:(1)包括活性酸。(2) 它可以代表土壤总酸度(改良酸性土壤计算石灰施用量的依据)。4NaAc + 4H2O 4NaOH + 4HAcHAl+4NaOH +4HAc 4Na + Al(OH)3 + H2O
10、 +4HAcResidual acidity (Hydrolysis acidity)Residual acidity, which is associated with the large quantity of Al3+,H+ and Al(OH)x ions that are bound in nonexchangeable forms by organic matter and silicate (硅酸盐硅酸盐) clays.The residual acidity is far greater than either the active or salt-replaceable ac
11、idity. It may be 1000 times greater than the soil solution or active acidity in sandy soil and 50,000 or even 100,000 times greater in a clayey soil high in organic matter.第二节 土壤碱度Section 2 soil alkalinity土壤碱度产生的原因1 土壤中的碱金属和碱土金属盐类的水解(主要是碳酸盐和重碳酸盐)2 有些土壤中的中性盐(Na2SO4)的水解3 胶体上吸附的 Na, Ca, Mg 离子的水解Micelle
12、Ca2+ 2H2OMicelleH+H+ Ca2+ 2OH-(soil solid)(soil solution)(soil solid)(soil solution)Sources of alkalinity:Base-forming cationsSources of alkalinityRole of carbonates and bicarbonatesRole of the cations (Na+ versus Ca2+)Influences of saltsNaHCO3Na+ + HCO3-MicelleNa+ H2OMicelleH+ Na+ OH-(soil solid)(s
13、oil solution)(soil solid)(soil solution)CO2 + H2OH2CO3H2O + H2CO3 CO3 2- + H2OOH-OH-H+H+1 碱化度碱化度 土壤胶体上交换性Na+占交换性阳离子的比例一般地 Na+ 15% 以上,pH 8.5 的土壤为碱土碱土2 总碱度指标总碱度指标 测定土壤中碱性盐类水解所产生的碱度即:测碳酸盐和重碳酸盐类碱性盐类的 cmol/kg(1)CO32-,HCO3- 的重量百分数土壤碱度的指标Index of soil alkalinity土壤碱化度指标及土壤状况土壤碱化度指标及土壤状况水溶性盐碱化度(cmol/kg)0.60.
14、61.51.52.0Na+饱和度(%)010102020(甚至达90%)土壤状况不发生碱化或轻微碱化明显碱化强烈碱化Index of soil alkalinitySodium statusTwo expressions are used to characterize the sodium states of highly alkaline soils.The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) identifies the degree to which the exchangeable complex is saturated with sodium
15、.ESP =Exchangeable Na+, cmol/kgCation exchangeable capacity, cmol/kg 100ESP levels of 15 are associated with pH values of 8.5 and above.Index of soil alkalinityThe sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is a second more easily measured property that is becoming even more widely use than ESP.The SAR gives inf
16、ormation on the comparative concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in soil solutions.SAR=Na+(Ca2+Mg2+)1/2Where Na+,Ca2+,and Mg2+ are the concentrations (in mmol/L) of sodium, calcium, and magnesium ions in the soil solution.碱化作用碱化作用(Alkalization)土壤呈碱性时,导致土壤理化性状所发生的各种变化主要表现:土粒高度分散湿时泥泞不透水气干时坚硬结果:导致耕性、物
17、理性质、化学性质、生物性状的恶化产生碱化作用时,碱土中碱金属离子比:Ca:Mg:Na:K=4:1:9:1(一)酸性1 气候 (1)水,温(2)生物活性2 施肥3 灌溉4 酸性红壤的浊流水(串灌)5 母质因素(靠近黄铁矿)影响土壤酸碱性的因素(二)碱性1 气候 干旱蒸发量降水量2 生物因素3 母质 基性超基性岩4 地下水,灌溉水第三节 盐基饱和度,CO2偏压等与土壤pH的关系盐基饱和度的影响饱和:中微碱性H+,Al3+占2040%:酸强酸性盐基饱和度 0% 50% 100%盐基完全不饱和土壤盐基半饱和土壤盐基完全饱和土壤极限极限 pH半中和点半中和点pH中和点中和点pH1、极限、极限pH土壤胶体
18、上吸附的离子全为H+、Al3+时的pH。可表示土壤胶体的最低pH,可反映潜性酸的强度。pH极限:高岭(4.55.0)蒙脱(3.5) 腐殖质实质上判断3种胶体CEC的大小,CEC , pH极限决定因子:净负电荷数量所以:一般地,南方土壤pH极限北方土壤pH极限pH极限:砖红壤(4.95.2)红壤(4.54.6) 黄棕壤(3.94.1)2、半中和点、半中和点pH土壤胶体上盐基离子饱和度等于非盐基离子( H+、Al3+ )饱和度时的pH。3、中和点、中和点pH土壤胶体盐基离子饱和度等于100%时的pH。各种土壤差别不大:8.20.1pH半中和点半中和点=pK二 土壤空气的CO2偏压对pH的影响CaC
19、O3CO2H2O 体系(土壤中)CO2 + H2O H2CO3 2H+ + CO32-K=H+ 2CO32-/H2CO3= H+ 2CO32- /CO2H2OH2O不变,可忽略; CO32-= K CO2/ H+2CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32-Ksp=Ca2+CO32-/CaCO3= Ca2+CO32-CO32-=Ksp/ Ca2+Ksp/ Ca2+= K CO2/ H+2 H+2= Ca2+ CO2 K/Ksp2pH = K + p Ca2+ + p CO2 (K =-lgK/Ksp)pH = 4.92 0.5lg Ca2+ 0.5lg CO2 公式意义:(1)对石灰性土壤,随Ca2+
20、、CO2的升高,pH下降(2)测定土壤pH值时,要煮沸蒸馏水,排除CO2,冷却后用(3)土壤田间pH高低,受CO2多少的影响pH风干土样 pH田间土样三 土壤水分状况对pH的影响测pH 水:土=1:1(中国) 或2.5:1(国际)规定水土比原因:(1)中性-石灰性土壤,增加水土比会导致pH值上升CaCO3 + H2O H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2Ca2+ + 2OH-Ca + 2H2O HH+ Ca(OH)2Ca2+ + 2OH-(2)酸性土,稀释(加水)会使pH值上升稀释效应?(不祥)各类土壤增加水土比,都会使各类土壤增加水土比,都会使pH值升高值升高四 土壤氧化-还原条件问题:某地红壤,
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