2022年托福阅读常用技巧讲义 .pdf

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1、4056542819.doc - 1 - 一. 准备知识(1) 文章数量 :3-5 篇(和听力相对应:3 篇阅读 ,9 个听力段子或5 篇阅读 ,6 个听力段子 ) (2) 文章长度 :650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量 :12-14 个/篇(每篇有一个多项选择,形式为 6 选 3,7 选 5 或 9 选 7) (4) 测试时间 :20 分钟 /篇(5) 测试分数 :0-30 分(由原始分 42 分换算到标准分30 分) (1) 主题 :辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题) (2) 细节 :概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪- TRUE? FALS

2、E? NOT GIVEN? General statement ideas Some details (3) 词汇 :辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知 (一词多义); 词汇推断(4) 推断 :根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度 :根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY 目的 ;HOW 手段 . (6) 结构 :判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质 : (1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. ?结构主体 (支撑 ): 主题段 (文章的前几段)和主题句 (每

3、段的前几句 ). ?细节主体 (填充 ) (2) 文章具体结构如下: ?Intro: background(细节 ) & topic( 结构 ) ?Body: sub-topic(结构 ), analysis( 细节 ) & evidence( 细节 ) ?Conclusion: topic(结构 ) (1) 快速笔记的意义: ?辅助思维框架形成?索引功能(2) 快速笔记的内容?结构主体的核心词?时间和数字 :同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字?人名 地名 专有名词 :使用首字母标记?举例主体?新概念和核心概念?重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4) 快速笔记的重要性和必要性

4、- 阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING) (5) 好笔记的特点: ?笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 14 页4056542819.doc - 2 - ?根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系: (1) 标准口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语?前置定语 : adj+n ?后置定语 : n+ adj phrase 形容词短语 : a book useful for you prep phrase 介词短语 : a pen on the desk v-

5、ing/-ed phrase分词短语 : a person walking on the road; a tool developed for the project 不定式 : a way to solve the problem 注: 分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词不定代词只能用后置定语修饰不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem ?定语从句 : 关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中 that, which, who, whom 引导的是非完整句, wh

6、ose 引导的是完整句) 关系连词 : when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句介词 + 关系代词 : in which, 此关系代词不包括what 2) 同位语 : 同插入语一样处理- 删除?A, B( 定语从句 /同位语从句 ) ?A, or B ?A that + 句子 ( 完整句 ) ?A of B: the city of Beijing 3) 状语 : 处理方式 - 隔离?Adv 副词?Prep phrase 介词短语?分词短语?不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构?并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构功能 性质均相同的成分- 必

7、须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句?S+V+THAT+ 句子 (完整句 )- 宾语从句S+系动词 +表语 +句子 - 表语从句?It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子完整句That + 句子 + V 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 14 页4056542819.doc - 3 - N+ that +句子 + 同位语 (完整句 ) 定语从句 (非完整句 ) ?S + Vi + that+ 句子 : The sun rises that is bright. S + be +

8、adj + that + 句子 : The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句 ); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句 ). (2) 复杂句的阅读方法- 层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配? 关联词(完整句 ) ? ( 关联词 + 非完整句 ) 2) 化右括号的条件: ?句子终结?连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例 1: However , for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were muc

9、h more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker) 例 2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution) .

10、例 3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语 ,删除 ), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recog

11、nized for the first timethat (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents). 例 4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP s drill ship, the Glomar Challeng

12、er( 同位语 ), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean s surface and drill in very deep water , extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor. 例 5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spe

13、ctacularly). 例 6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble). 例 7: Anyone (who has handle a f

14、ossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构. 例 8: The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790 s) , North American enterpreneurs-eve

15、n without the technological improvement-had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process) 例 9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechani

16、cs or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 14 页4056542819.doc - 4 - 例 10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of

17、 Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语 )introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for

18、 institutions devoted to its encouragement. (2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be 动词 /情态动词去掉或复原,并按顺序理解 . 2) 完全倒装的处理方法?构成主语的成分: 名词代词The + 形容词不定式主语从句动名词?完全倒装的判断流程例 1: Herein (adv) lay( 宾语 ) the beginning of what ultimately(最终 ) turned from ignorance(无 知 ) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in

19、 medicine(主语 ).例 2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语 ), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. 例 3: With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it) 独

20、立主格, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例 4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语 ) is the country s impressive population growth(主语 ) . 句子结构 :

21、adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B 例 5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语). 句子结构 : Among A

22、+ be + B = B是 A 的一部分例 6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony). 例 7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certa

23、in fidelity(状语 )a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bording the Hudson River). 句型结构 : S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语 )+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2. 例 8: With the turn-of-centu

24、ry Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 14 页4056542819.doc - 5 - sources of inspiration(独立主格 ), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the med

25、ium(主语 ) . 例 9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装 ) speaking of the films made before 1927 as slient , the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构 : adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中. 例 10: Coincident with concerns about the acc

26、elerating loss of species and habitatshas been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语 ), to the health of the Earth and human well-being(主语 ) . 句型结构 : the importance of A to B = A 对 B 的重要性例 11: Matching the influx of fore

27、ign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语 ), from town and farm to city, within the United States. 例 12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句 if it had not been) , they might well ha

28、ve been classified as dinosaurs. (4) 强调句的阅读方法?构成： It + be + 强调成分 that/ who+ 其他成分?注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整正确的就是强调句强调句不强调形容词和代词例 1: It was just a decade before this (强调句 )that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of

29、 vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions. 例 2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, ( 强调句 )who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the suppor

30、t of all thirteen colonies). 例 3: It was in the cities(强调句 ) that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorde

31、r , and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools). 2. 泛读 - 快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-SKIMMING 1) 需要详细阅读的内容?结构主体的内容?非举例性质的概括描述?题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容?大量的数据堆砌?明显的举例 : 为何而举 ,举例主体 ,结束位置?比照 类比读一半?让步 转折读一半 (转折以后的那一半) 精选学习资料 - - - - - -

32、- - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 14 页4056542819.doc - 6 - (2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建- 模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习- 指读 声读 回读 视角高度过低二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑?加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合- 焦点训练法?可以合并为意群的成分: 副词介词短语分词短语非谓语的不定式主语和谓语或谓语和宾语固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such

33、 as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents o

34、f weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must pr

35、osess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be

36、protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. ?构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解- 强调一遍阅读(3) 文章的类型和题材1) 文章类型 : :

37、参见 OG 第 19 页?顺承式 : 时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构 ) ?分类式 : 分类方式及类别特征. (树型结构 ) ?问题解决式现象解释式 : 解决方案解释及最终结论.(伞型结构 ) 2) 题材分类?自然科学a. 生物学植物学 : 植物的分类和特征动物学 : 动物的分类和行为.鸟类 群体昆虫海洋生物精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 14 页4056542819.doc - 7 - 微生物学 : 真菌 (蘑菇 真菌的顽固 ) b. 地理 地质学地形 地貌特征 : 成因 分布 气候 生态 影响地质事件 : 成因或原理

38、过程 影响c. 天文学具体的星体特征: 基本特征 (形状 距离 轨道 旋转 温度 质量 ); 大气层 (氢气 氦气氨气 甲烷 ); 外表特征 ; 水和生命形式 ; 人的探索天文学事件 : 成因 过程 影响d. 考古学古生物 : 恐龙 (灭绝 ), 鸟类 ( 进化史 pterosaur archaeopteryx modern birds) 古代遗址遗迹 : 中国的古代遗迹灾害性天气 : 成因 过程 危害 预防天气预报 : 卫星 电脑技术f. 新技术和新事物发展史特征及应用?人文科学a. 美国历史土人 : 生活 宗教 艺术都市化过程 : 人口增长城市扩张交通发展经济繁荣b. 历史学和人类学原始人

39、生活变迁: 游牧到定居 (农业 ) 古代文明c. 文学流派 : 产生 思想 代表作家 : 生平 作品d. 绘画和雕塑流派类型 :城市艺术画家e. 音乐类型 : country, ragtime乐器f.心理学 : 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析1. 词汇题 (Vocabulary Question) (1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见 OG 第 25 页(2) 词汇题的解答方法?认识：直接解题，沾边就对。?不认识：推断：从词的本身上下文：因果比照解释精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 14 页4056542819.do

40、c - 8 - 代入验证猜2. 指代题 (Reference Question) (1) 指代题简介和提问方式: 参见 OG 第 2627 页(2) 指代题的解答方法?代词a. 从句的主语指代主语的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义 ) b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系) c. 重复概念指代 : Tom and his cat(就近原则 ) d. some of others some + n + of + n, others指名词some + v, some others共指之前概念?名词 : a. 优先选择题干的上下意词a is a kind of A, A是 a 的上意词b.

41、 假设上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理注意 : b. 从句开头往后找答案c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须一致d. 指代的传递现象Jupiters and other giant planet are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane. The word they in the passage refers

42、to (A) nuclear reactions (B) giant planets (C) terrestrial (D) substances If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycos

43、ides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The word which in the passage refers to (A) tissues (B) substances (C) barriers (D) alkaloids Aciculturists, people who raise birs for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural

44、incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. The word They in the passage refers to (A) birds (B) avicuturists (C) eggs (D) rates What is particularly meaningful to anthropology is the realization that al

45、though the material available to a society may to some extend limit or influence what it The word it in the passage refers to (A) realization 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 14 页4056542819.doc - 9 - can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. (B) socie

46、ty (C) extent (D) influence Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with featers that made the baskets surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds.The word others in the passage refers to (A) masters (B) baskets (C) pendants (D) surfaces Encouraged by the example of ce

47、rtain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sendimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of

48、 themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cutural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extend, others segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. The word them in the passage refers to (A) A

49、mericans of European descent (B) paintings (C) African American artists (D) attitudes 3. 事实信息题 ( Factual Information Question) (1) 事实题简介和提问方式: 参见 OG 第 20 页(2) 事实题的正确选项特征: 原文重现和同义改写(3) 细节类题目的干扰方式1) 信息滞留点?信息滞留点的概念?信息滞留点的表现形式a. A 在原文的出现, B 在原文中不出现.,A + B 在选项中出现. b. AB 均在原文中出现, A + B在选项中出现 . c. A+ B 在原文

50、中出现 . A 或 B 在选项中出现. 2) 干扰选项特征?虚假比较 : 如果选项中出现了比较级最高级绝对化描述或范围的扩张, 则该选项优先不为正确选项,在除非在原文存在比较的一一对应. ?答非所问 : 确保所选答案和题干构成因果关系. 事实信息题的解题步骤根据题目中的关键词进行定位笔记原文关键词 ：能够缩小搜索范围的词段落号时间和数字人名地名专有名词题目的核心概念Scanning: 在原文中寻找某特定概念寻找关键词及其同反义词和上下义词寻找关键词及其相关概念的第一次出现位置根据所读内容形成答案判断精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9