2022年2022年计算机网络习题答案 5.pdf
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1、ANDREW S. TANENBAUM COMPUTER NETWORKS FOURTH EDITION PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - 第 1 章 概述1. 答:狗能携带 21 千兆字节或者 168千兆位的数据。 18 公里/小时的速度等于 0.005 公里/秒,走过 x 公里的时间为 x / 0.005 = 200 x秒, 产生的数据传输速度为168/200 x Gbps
2、或者840 /x Mbps。因此,与通信线路相比较,若x 32/x,或 f max =x/32。36. 答: 10-9的漂移意味着 109 秒中的 1 秒,或 1 秒中的 10-9秒。对于 OC-1 速率,即51.840Mbps,取近似值 50Mbps,大约一位持续 20ns。这就说明每隔 20 秒,时钟就要偏离 1位。这就说明,时钟必须每隔10 秒或更频繁地进行同步,才能保持不会偏离太大。37. 答: 基本的 SONET 帧是美 125 产生 810 字节。由于 SONET 是同步的,因此不论是否有数据,帧都被发送出去。每秒8000 帧与数字电话系统中使用的PCM 信道的采样频率完全一样。8
3、10字节的 SONET 帧通常用 90列乘以 9 行的矩形来描述,每秒传送51.84Mbps,即8 810 800051840000bps 。这就是基本的 SONET 信道,它被称作同步传输信号STS-1,所有的 SONET 干线都是由多条 STS-1构成。每一帧的前 3 列被留作系统管理信息使用, 前 3 行包含段开销, 后 6 行包含线路开销。剩下的 87 列包含 87 9 8 800050112000bps 。被称作同步载荷信封的数据可以在任何位置开始。线路开销的第一行包含指向第一字节的指针。同步载荷信封(SPE )的第一列是名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - -
4、- - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 10 页,共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - 通路开销。通路开销不是严格的SONET 结构,它在嵌入在载荷信封中。通路开销端到端的流过网络,因此把它与端到端的运载用户信息的SPE 相关联是有意义的。 然而,它确实从可提供给端点用户的 50.112Mbps 中又减去 1 9 8 8000576000bps ,即 0.576Mbps,使之变成49.536Mbps 。OC-3 相当于 3个 OC-1复用在一起,因此其用户数据传输速率是3148.608 Mbps。38. VT1.5 can
5、accommodate 8000 frames/sec 3 columns9 rows8 bits =1.728 Mbps. It can be used to accommodate DS-1. VT2 can accommodate 8000 frames/sec 4 columns 9 rows 8 bits = 2.304 Mbps. It can be used to accommodate European CEPT-1 service. VT6 can accommodate 8000 frames/sec12 columns9 rows8 bits = 6.912 Mbps.
6、It can be used toaccommodate DS-2 service. 39. Message switching sends data units that can be arbitrarily long. Packet switching has a maximum packet size. Any message longer than that is split up into multiple packets. 40. 答: 当一条线路(例如 OC-3)没有被多路复用,而仅从一个源输入数据时,字母c(表示 conactenation , 即串联)被加到名字标识的后面,
7、因此,OC-3 表示由 3 条单独的 OC-1 线路复用成 155.52Mbps,而 OC-3c 表示来自单个源的155.52Mbps 的数据流。 OC-3c 流中所包含的 3 个 OC-1 流按列交织编排, 首先是流 1 的第 1 列,流 2 的第 1 列,流 3 的第 1 列,随后是流 1 的第 2 列,流 2 的第 2 列,?以此类推,最后形成270 列宽 9 行高的帧。OC-3c 流中的用户实际数据传输速率比OC-3 流的速率略高( 149.760Mbps 和148.608Mbps),因为通路开销仅在SPE 中出现一次, 而不是当使用 3 条单独 OC-1 流时出现的 3 次。换句话说
8、, OC-3c 中 270 列中的 260 列可用于用户数据,而在OC-3 中仅能使用 258列。更高层次的串联帧(如OC-12c)也存在。OC-12c 帧有 12*90=1080 列和 9 行。其中段开销和线路开销占12*3=36 列,这样同步载荷信封就有 1080-36=1044 列。SPE 中仅 1 列用于通路开销,结果就是1043 列用于用户数据。由于每列 9 个字节,因此一个 OC-12c 帧中用户数据比特数是8 91043 75096。每秒8000 帧,得到用户数据速率75096 8000 =600768000bps ,即 600.768Mbps。所以,在一条 OC-12c 连接中
9、可提供的用户带宽是600.768Mbps。41. 答: The three networks have the following properties: 星型:最好为 2,最差为 2,平均为 2;环型:最好为 1,最差为 n/2,平均为 n/4 如果考虑 n 为奇偶数,则 n 为奇数时,最坏为( n-1)/2,平均为( n+1)/4 n 为偶数时,最坏为n/2,平均为 n2/4(n1) 全连接:最好为 1,最差为 1,平均为 1。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 11
10、 页,共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - 42. 对于电路交换,t= s时电路建立起来; ts+ x /d 时报文的最后一位发送完毕;t=s+x/b+kd 时报文到达目的地。而对于分组交换,最后一位在t=x/b时发送完毕。为到达最终目的地, 最后一个分组必须被中间的路由器重发k1 次,每次重发花时间 p/ b,所以总的延迟为为了使分组交换比电路交换快,必须:所以:43. 答: 所需要的分组总数是x /p ,因此总的数据加上头信息交通量为(p+h)x/p 位。源端发送这些位需要时间为(p+h)x/pb 中间的路由器重传最后一个分组所花的总时间为(k-1)(p+h)/ b 因此我们得
11、到的总的延迟为对该函数求 p 的导数,得到令得到因为 p0,所以故时能使总的延迟最小。44. Each cell has six neighbors. If the central cell uses frequency group A, its six neighbors can use B, C, B, C, B, and C respectively. In other words, only 3 unique cells are needed. Consequently, 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
12、名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 12 页,共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - each cell can have 280 frequencies. 45. First, initial deployment simply placed cells in regions where there was high density of human or vehicle population. Once they were there, the operator often did not want to go to the trouble of moving them
13、. Second, antennas are typically placed on tall buildings or mountains. Depending on the exact location of such structures, the area covered by a cell may be irregular due to obstacles near the transmitter. Third, some communities or property owners do not allow building a tower at a location where
14、the center of a cell falls. In such cases, directional antennas are placed at a location not at the cell center. 46. If we assume that each microcell is a circle 100 m in diameter, then each cell has an area of 2500108m2 and divide it by the area of 1 microcell, we get 15,279 microcells. Of course,
15、it is impossible to tile the plane with circles (and San Francisco is decidedly three-dimensional), but with 20,000 microcells we could probably do the job. 47. Frequencies cannot be reused in adjacent cells, so when a user moves from one cell to another, a new frequency must be allocated for the ca
16、ll. If a user moves into a cell, all of whose frequencies are currently in use, the user s call must be terminated. 48. It is not caused directly by the need for backward compatibility. The 30 kHz channel was indeed a requirement, but the designers of D-AMPS did not have to stuff three users into it
17、. They could have put two users in each channel, increasing the payload before error correction from 260 50=13 kbps to 26075 =19.5 kbps. Thus, the quality loss was an intentional trade-off to put more users per cell and thus get away with bigger cells. 49. D-AMPS uses 832 channels (in each direction
18、) with three users sharing a single channel. This allows D-AMPS to support up to 2496 users simultaneously per cell. GSM uses 124 channels with eight users sharing a single channel. This allows GSM to support up to 992 users simultaneously. Both systems use about the same amount of spectrum (25 MHz
19、in each direction). D-AMPS uses 30 KHz892 = 26.76 MHz. GSM uses 200 KHz 124 =24.80 MHz. The difference can be mainly attributed to the better speech quality provided by GSM (13 Kbps per user) over D-AMPS (8 Kbps per user). 50. The result is obtained by negating each of A, B, and C and then adding th
20、e three chip sequences. Alternatively the three can be added and then negated. 13 11 +1).51. By definition名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 13 页,共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - If T sends a 0 bit instead of 1 bit, its chip sequence is negated, with the i-th ele
21、ment becoming Ti . Thus, 52. When two elements match, their product is +1. When they do not match, their product is 1. To make the sum 0, there must be as many matches as mismatches. Thus, two chip sequences are orthogonal if exactly half of the corresponding elements match and exactly half do not m
22、atch. 53. Just compute the four normalized inner products: (1 +1 3 +1 1 3 +1 +1) d (11 1 +1 +1 1 +1 +1)/8 = 1(1 +1 3 +1 1 3 +1 +1) d (11 +1 1 +1 +1 +1 1)/8 = 1(1 +1 3 +1 1 3 +1 +1) d (1 +1 1 +1 +1 +1 11)/8 = 0(1 +1 3 +1 1 3 +1 +1) d (1 +1 1 1 1 1 +1 1)/8 = 1The result is that A and D sent 1 bits, B
23、sent a 0 bit, and C was silent. 54. 答: 可以,每部电话都能够有自己到达端局的线路,但每路光纤都可以连接许多部电话。忽略语音压缩,一部数字PCM 电话需要 64kbps 的带宽。如果以 64kbps 为单元来分割 10Gbps ,我们得到每路光缆串行156250 家。现今的有线电视系统每根电缆串行数百家。55. 答:它既像 TDM , 也像 FDM 。 100 个频道中的每一个都分配有自己的频带(FDM) ,在每个频道上又都有两个逻辑流通过TDM 交织播放(节目和广告交替使用频道)。This example is the same as the AM rad
24、io example given in the text, but neither is a fantastic example of TDM because the alternation is irregular. 56. A 2-Mbps downstream bandwidth guarantee to each house implies at most 50 houses per coaxial cable. Thus, the cable company will need to split up the existing cable into 100 coaxial cable
25、s and connect each of them directly to a fiber node. 57. The upstream bandwidth is 37 MHz. Using QPSK with 2 bits/Hz, we get 74 Mbps upstream. Downstream we have 200 MHz. Using QAM-64, this is 1200 Mbps. Using QAM-256, this is 1600 Mbps. 58. Even if the downstream channel works at 27 Mbps, the user
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