最新复旦研究生综合英语(1)修订版教学课件Unit2isloveanart精品课件.ppt

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1、复旦研究生综合英语复旦研究生综合英语(1)(1)修修订版教学课件订版教学课件Unit2isloveanartUnit2isloveanartUnit 2 Is Love an Art?Warm-up Activities1. Give your own definition of love. There once existed a man who truly demonstrated all the aspects of that indefinable feeling called “love”. With hopes that you will understand, here is h

2、is story. A feud led to war in his land, where he had been raised. He knew every blade of grass, every person, tree and soul. Here he was happy. Here he could be himself and free. For this he loved the land. Thus, he went to war to fight for something he held so dear to him.Unit 2 Is Love an Art?Uni

3、t 2 Is Love an Art?Unit 2 Is Love an Art?Unit 2 Is Love an Art?Unit 2 Is Love an Art?Unit 2 Is Love an Art?Unit 2 Is Love an Art? Erich Fromm (1900 - 1980) was born in Frankfurt, Germany. He received his Ph. D from Heidelberg in 1922 and began a career as a psychotherapist. In 1934, he moved to the

4、U. S. and settled in New York City, and eventually became a naturalized U. S. citizen. In the 1940s he began to write. Some of his well-known books are Escape from Freedom (1941), The Sane Society (1955), The Art of Loving (1956), Lie without Illusions (1962) and The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness

5、 (1973). A psychiatrist primarily concerned with the condition of the human Additional lnformation for the Teachers Reference1. Erich FrommUnit 2 Is Love an Art?spirit, Fromm has had enormous influence on scholars and practitioners in psychology, sociology, history, economics, anthropology, and theo

6、logy.Unit 2 Is Love an Art?2. What is Love? In English we say the one word“ love” where in Greek there are four words. Our word “love” actually covers four kinds of love, namely, 1) agape, that is, spiritual love or the love of God; 2) storge, that is, family love; 3) philia, that is, the love betwe

7、en friends which we usually call brotherly; and 4) eros, that is, love experienced between a man and a woman when sexual feelings stir between them. It is the fourth kind of love that someone is experiencing when they tell you they have fallen in love. Its a great experience. It comes in that wonder

8、ful rainbow like section of the spectrum of human emotion.Unit 2 Is Love an Art? Its strange, in a sense, that eros is in many ways the most transient of the forms of love and yet it gets the most attention. Some people even seem to make it the one zone in life that youre always supposed to be attem

9、pting to land in or trying to stay in.Unit 2 Is Love an Art?3. Valentines Day (February 14) There are varying opinions as to the origin of Valentines Day. Some experts state that it originated from St. Valentine, a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity. He died on February 14,

10、269 A.D., the same day that had been devoted to love lotteries. Legend also says that St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailers daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it “From Your Valentine”. Other aspects of the story say that Saint Valentine served as a priest at a temple during

11、 the reign of Emperor Claudius, but Claudius then had Valentine jailed for defying him. In 496 A. D. Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honor St. Valentine.Unit 2 Is Love an Art? Gradually, February 14 became the date for exchanging love messages and St. Valentine became the patron saint of love

12、rs. The date was marked by sending poems and simple gifts such as flowers. There was often a social gathering or a ball. In the United States, Miss Esther Howland is given credit for sending the first valentine cards. Commercial valentines were introduced in the 1800s and now the date is very commer

13、cial. The town of Loveland, Colorado, does a large post office business around February 14. The spirit of goodwill continues to be important, whether between lovers or friends. Valentines are sent out with sentimental verses and children exchange valentine cards at school.Unit 2 Is Love an Art?4. Th

14、e Victorian Age (1837 -1901) The Victorian Age refers to the period of the reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, which lasted from 1837 to 1901. Queen Victoria herself lived from 1819 to 1901. Only 18 when she came to the throne, Victoria oversaw England at the height of its overseas power. The

15、British Empire was established and reached its greatest expanse under her reign. Perhaps most important during the Victorian Age was the shift away from a way of life based on ownership of land to a modern urban economy based on trade and manufacturing. Although we have a lingering impression of the

16、 Victorian Age as a repressive and repressed society, it was one of theUnit 2 Is Love an Art?most vital periods of English history, lively and full of controversy. Belief in technology was at its height, and the superstitions of magic had been swept away, reserved for gothic horror novels. Medical s

17、cience was improving by leaps and bounds. This era continued the romantic ideals associated with love and nature. However, love was mostly not a spontaneous personal experience which then might lead to marriage. Marriage was contracted by convention instead of as a result of romantic love. Women usu

18、ally married men chosen and approved of by their parents, and men chose women who were appropriate social matches. Love was supposed to develop between the two after marriage.Unit 2 Is Love an Art?Is Love an Art?NotesIntroduction to the Author and the ArticlePhrases and ExpressionsExercisesMain Idea

19、 of the TextUnit 2 Is Love an Art?Main Idea of the Text In the text, Fromm states that people have the wrong attitude towards love. Most peoples first faulty assumption is that they see the problem of love primarily as that of being loved, rather than that of loving, of ones capacity to love. The se

20、cond wrong assumption is that they see the problem of love as the problem of an object, not the problem of a faculty. The third error lies in the confusion between the initial experience of “falling” in love, and the permanent state of being in love. Based on this analysis, Fromm maintains that love

21、 is an art just as living is an art; and, if we want to learn how to love we must proceed in the same way we have to proceed if we want to learn any other art. He describesUnit 2 Is Love an Art?two crucial steps in the learning of an art; mastery of the theory and mastery of the practice. Essential

22、to both of these steps, the mastery of the art must be a matter of the greatest concern nothing may be more important than it. When that art is the art of loving, nothing may be valued more than love itself.Unit 2 Is Love an Art?Introduction to the Author and the Article Erich Fromm (1900 - 1980) wa

23、s born in Frankfurt, Germany. After receiving his Ph. D. from the University of Heidelberg in 1922, he began his career as a psychoanalyst, philosopher and writer. During his long and productive career, he taught and engaged in research in several institutes and universities in the United States and

24、 Mexico, as well as publishing many books and articles, including The Sane Society (1955) and The Art of Loving (1956).Unit 2 Is Love an Art? The following selection is chosen from The Art of Loving, which is considered his most famous work. In this selection Fromm states that people maintain wrong

25、attitudes towards love and argues that love is an art, just as living is an art; in his view, if we want to learn how to love we must proceed in the same way we would if we wanted to learn any other art.Unit 2 Is Love an Art? Is love an art? Then it requires knowledge and effort. Or is love a pleasa

26、nt sensation, which to experience is a matter of chance, something one “falls into” if one is lucky? This little book is based on the former premise, while undoubtedly the majority of people today believe in the latter.Erich FrommIs Love an Art?TextUnit 2 Is Love an Art? Not that people think that l

27、ove is not important. They are starved for it; they watch endless numbers of films about happy and unhappy love stories, they listen to hundreds of trashy songs about love yet hardly anyone thinks that there is anything that needs to be learned about love. This peculiar attitude is based on several

28、premises which either singly or combined tend to uphold it. Most people see the problem of love primarily as that of being loved, rather than that of loving, of ones capacity to love. Hence the problem to them is how to be loved, how to be lovable. In pursuit of this aim theyUnit 2 Is Love an Art?fo

29、llow several paths. One, which is especially used by men, is to be successful, to be as powerful and rich as the social margin of ones position permits. Another, used especially by women, is to make oneself attractive, by cultivating ones body, dress, etc. Other ways of making oneself attractive, us

30、ed both by men and women, are to develop pleasant manners, interesting conversation, to be helpful, modest, inoffensive. Many of the ways to make oneself lovable are the same as those used to make oneself successful, “to win friends and influence people.” As a ED matter of fact, what most people in

31、our culture mean by being lovable is essentially a mixture between being popular and having sex appeal.Unit 2 Is Love an Art? A second premise behind the attitude that there is nothing to be learned about love is the assumption that the problem of love is the problem of an object, not the problem of

32、 a faculty. People think that to love is simple, but that to find the right object to love or to be loved is difficult. This attitude has several reasons rooted in the development of modern society. One reason is the great change which occurred in the twentieth century with respect to the choice of

33、a “love object.” In the Victorian age, as in many traditional cultures, love was mostly not a spontaneous personal experience which then might lead to marriage. On the contrary, marriage was contracted by convention either by theUnit 2 Is Love an Art?respective families, or by a marriage broker, or

34、without the help of such intermediaries; it was concluded on the basis of social considerations, and love was supposed to develop once the marriage had been concluded. In the last few generations the concept of romantic love has become almost universal in the Western world. In the United States, whi

35、le considerations of a conventional nature are not entirely absent, to a vast extent people are in search of “romantic love,” of the personal experience of love which then should lead to marriage. This new concept of freedom in love must have greatly enhanced the importance of the object as against

36、the importance of the function.Unit 2 Is Love an Art? Closely related to this factor is another feature characteristic of contemporary culture. Our whole culture is based on the appetite for buying, on the idea of a mutually favorable exchange. Modern mans happiness consists in the thrill of looking

37、 at the shop windows, and in buying all that he can afford to buy, either for cash or on installments. He (or she) looks at people in a similar way. For the man an attractive girl and for the woman an attractive man are the prizes they are after. “Attractive” usually means a nice package of qualitie

38、s which are popular and sought after on the personality market. What specifically makes a person attractive depends on the fashion of the time, physically as well as mentally. Unit 2 Is Love an Art?During the twenties, a drinking and smoking girl, tough and sexy, was attractive; today the fashion de

39、mands more domesticity and coyness. At the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of this century, a man had to be aggressive and ambitious today he has to be social and tolerant in order to be an attractive “package.” At any rate, the sense of falling in love develops usually only with regard to s

40、uch human commodities as are within reach of ones own possibilities for exchange. I am out for a bargain; the object should be desirable from the standpoint of its social value, and at the same timeUnit 2 Is Love an Art?should want me, considering my overt and hidden assets and potentialities. Two p

41、ersons thus fall in love when they feel they have found the best object available on the market, considering the limitations of their own exchange values. Often, as in buying real estate, the hidden potentialities which can be developed play a considerable role in this bargain. In a culture in which

42、 the marketing orientation prevails, and in which material success is the outstanding value, there is little reason to be surprised that human love relations follow the same pattern of exchange which governs the commodity and the labor market.Unit 2 Is Love an Art? The third error leading to the ass

43、umption that there is nothing to be learned about love lies in the confusion between the initial experience of “falling” in love, and the permanent state of being in love, or as we might better say, of “standing” in love. If two people who have been strangers, as all of us are, suddenly let the wall

44、 between them break down, and feel close, feel one, this moment of oneness is one of the most exhilarating, most exciting experiences in life. It is all the more wonderful and miraculous for persons who have been shut off, isolated, without love. This miracle of sudden intimacy is often facilitated

45、if it is combined with, or initiated by, sexual attraction and consummation. Unit 2 Is Love an Art?However, this type of love is by its very nature not lasting. The two persons become well acquainted, their intimacy loses more and more its miraculous character, until their antagonism, their disappoi

46、ntments, their mutual boredom kill whatever is left of the initial excitement. Yet, in the beginning they do not know all of this, in fact, they take the intensity of the infatuation, this being “crazy” about each other, for proof of the intensity of their love, while it may only prove the degree of

47、 their preceding loneliness.Unit 2 Is Love an Art? This attitude that nothing is easier than to love has continued to be the prevalent idea about love in spite of the overwhelming evidence to the contrary. There is hardly any activity, any enterprise, which is started with such tremendous hopes and

48、expectations, and yet, which fails so regularly, as love. If this were the case with any other activity, people would be eager to know the reasons for the failure, and to learn how one could do better or they would give up the activity. Since the latter is impossible in the case of love, there seems

49、 to be only one adequate way to overcome the failure of love to examine the reasons for this failure, and to proceed to study the meaning of love.Unit 2 Is Love an Art? The first step to take is to become aware that love is an art just as living is an art; if we want to learn how to love we must pro

50、ceed in the same way we have to proceed if we want to learn any other art, say music, painting, carpentry, or the art of medicine or engineering. What are the necessary steps in learning any art? The process of learning an art can be divided conveniently into two parts; one, the mastery of the theor