写作课程讲义.doc

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date写作课程讲义写作课程讲义写作高频词汇替换 认为： 常用词汇：think 替换词汇：argue，claim， believe，consider，point out，regard，contend，advocate，deem，be convinced，hold the opinion that， 很，非常： 常用词汇：very 替换词汇：dramatically，consi

2、derably，enormously，tremendously，remarkably 发生： 常用词汇：happen 替换词汇：occur, take place, arise, appear, emerge 人们： 常用词汇：people/person 替换词汇：individuals，citizens，public，folks，the masses 普遍: 常用词汇：common/popular 替换词汇：general, universal, rife, widespread, pervasive, prevalent 重要： 常用词汇：important 替换词汇：significan

3、t，crucial，essential，vital，imperative 不同的： 常用词汇：different 替换词汇：distinctive，dissimilar, diverse, assorted 许多： 常用词汇：many /much 替换词汇：considerable， multitudinous， myriad ,numerous， various，a large number of 喜欢： 常用词汇：like 替换词汇：appreciate， fond of，enjoy， prefer， favor 严重： 常用词汇：serious 替换词汇：grave， fearful，g

4、risliness， severe 方法： 常用词汇：way 替换词汇：means， measure， method， avenue，approach 部分： 常用词汇：part 替换词汇：component fraction portion section segment 包括： 常用词汇：include 替换词汇：contain， cover， embody， comprise，consist，involve 导致： 常用词汇：cause/ lead to 替换词汇：bring on，conduce，induce reflect on，result in 越来越：more and more

5、 修饰名词： more and more + 名词复数； =名词复数+ in growing numbers 修饰副词： more and more +形容词 =increasingly +形容词 例句：越来越多的人认为健康很重要。 More and more people think health is very important. A dramatically growing number of individuals contend that health is extraordinarily significant. For example Among all the touchin

6、g facts relating to this topic that I have heard, noticed, and experienced, the most impressive one is 在我所听到的，看到的，经历过的所有和这个话题相关的例子之中，最有说服力的是（19words） 句子间的衔接： 使用重要的逻辑关系词： 1.转折关系词： but, yet, however, nevertheless, while 2.因果关系词： because, as, since, for, because of, owing to, due to, on account of, as

7、a result of 3.举例关系词: for example, for instance, as an example as an illustration, to illustrate, such as 4.结论关系词： in short, in brief, in summary, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude 段落间的衔接： 使用过渡句表达法 万能过渡句原因、举例、影响的引出句 观点间的衔接： 使用顺序连词：1.首先： first, firstly, first of all, in the first place, for one thi

8、ng，above all, to begin with2.其次： second, secondly, in the second place, for another ，additionally，in addition， furthermore，what is more，moreover 3.最后： in the end，at last， finally, lastly， in conclusion，last but not least， eventually 设问句开篇法 利用问句起到引导的作用 引导原因： Why does this phenomenon arise/occur? The

9、answer to this problem involves a wide variety of factors 引出观点： Who on earth is right？ There is a lot to be said for both sides of the argument about this phenomenon. 引出处理方法： How should we deal with？ The methods of this issue often differ widely.感叹句开篇法 感叹句模板： How adj1 and adj2 the is！ What a adj1 an

10、d adj2 it is！ 应用：问题、现象、观点 应用1：引出问题 How severe and pressing the problem is What a severe and pressing problem it is 应用2:引出现象 How familiar and popular the phenomenon is What a familiar and popular phenomenon it is 应用3：引出观点 How correct and obvious the point of view is What a correct and obvious point o

11、f view it is 句子变复杂：添加修饰成分 这个关系到人们生活和社会发展的问题是严重和紧迫的。 The problem ，which is concerned with life of citizens and development of society is severe and pressing 应用1变化：引出问题 How severe and pressing the problem is ，which is concerned with life of citizens and development of society. What a severe and pressi

12、ng problem it is ，which is concerned with life of citizens and development of society.科学数据开篇法 增强论证的说服力 组成部分： 引入+数据+进一步阐述 引入部分： According to a survey/investigation According to one of the latest survey/investigation conducted by a certain international organization, The headline of the China Daily on

13、 June,17th,2009，presented a thought-provoking data to us that As is revealed by the statistics frequently appeared on newspapers recently科学数据开篇法 引入+数据+进一步阐述 引入部分： According to a survey/investigation According to one of the latest survey/investigation conducted by a certain international organization

14、, The headline of the China Daily on June,17th,2009，presented a thought-provoking data to us that thought-provoking 发人深思的 As is revealed by the statistics frequently appeared on newspapers recently 数据部分： 可以随意填写，只要符合基本常识和正常逻辑即可 进一步阐述： 具体体现想要表述的内容 利用非限定性定语从句表达谚语开篇法三部分组成：引言+谚语+解释说明谚语的引言： As an old sayi

15、ng goes, Just as an old Arab proverb says, A remote oriental philosopher has said, “”such is the remark made by a famous writer. 万能引言，随便挑选使用谚语部分： 注意日常积累谚语的选择： 结合考试内容，建议从五方面选择 如果实在没有可用的谚语怎么办？ 具体方法： 把具体的问题抽象化，抽象的问题具体化 编写谚语方法总结：1.不要直白的表达自己的观点2.Jack和Jill在英文谚语中经常出现3.经常用双重否定表示肯定 如何体现解释： 也就是说 that is to sa

16、y， 所有的谚语必然是要表达正确的观点或哲理 因此只要表示出正向的意思即可谚语的解释说明部分万能解释模版： It is the most significant thing in the world to struggle for Nothing should we do in our life is more significant than struggling for 针对对立观点型的谚语开篇 引言：同上 谚语： Every coin has tow sides . 任何硬币都有两面。 Fire is a good servant but is a bad master. 火是一把双刃剑

17、。针对对立观点型的谚语开篇 解释说明部分： 万用套话 That is to say，everything has its advantages and disadvantages. That is to say，there is no agreement among citizens. Some believe thatis good,while others taking the opposite stand hold the view thatis bad 对立观点型的万能开篇段： A remote oriental philosopher has said, fire is a good

18、 servant but is a bad master. That is to say，everything has its advantages and disadvantages. Some believe thatis good,while others,taking the opposite stand,hold the view thatis bad.句型篇 简单句开篇 并列句开篇 复合句开篇简单句开篇：句子主干：1、A debate has happened.2、People have been talking about a topic.3、A debate has been

19、caused by firecrackers.4、A debate has been common.5、There has existed a debate/ topic/phenomenon of/ (that) 6、It has been common (to hear/ to see/to experience) that讨论：discussion, dispute, argument,disagreement, quarrel, controversy话题：topic, issue, matter, problem, question现象：phenomenon, occurrence,

20、 trend发生：occur, take place, arise, appear, emerge人们：people ,person ,individuals，citizens，public，folks，the masses引起：cause，arouse, breed, engender, give rise to关注：concern, attention, notice, interest, concentration, thought, focus普遍: popular, general, universal, rife, widespread, pervasive, prevalent不

21、同的：different, dissimilar, diverse, varied, various, assorted, a variety of, a range of, an assortment of, a mixture of表时间：当前Nowadays, recently, lately, currently, presently, at present, these days, in recent years，at the present time, 表地点：校园或社会on campus in the society表范围：在几乎所有学生中或几乎所有人中among nearly

22、all the studentsamong nearly all the people例句1：近来，在社会上几乎所有人当中，关于燃放鞭炮的话题产生了。At the present time, a topic about setting off firecrackers has occurred among nearly all the people in the society. (20ws) 例句2：近来，一个关于燃放鞭炮的话题在社会上几乎所有人当中存在着。These days, there has existed an issue of setting off firecrackers a

23、mong nearly all the people in the society.(19ws)2、并列句开篇a. 事情发生了。b1. 人们谈论事情。b2. 争论/关注被事情引起。c. 事情是普遍的。连词及副词：and, not only but (also), also, moreover, furthermore, besides, additionally, in addition,并列句模板句型：1、事情发生了，并且人们都在谈论。2、事情发生了，并且争论/关注被引起。3、事情发生了，并且非常普遍。4、事情很普遍，并且人们都在谈论。5、事情很普遍，并且争论/关注被引起。变形：目前有些校园

24、内浪费现象十分严重，并且老师和学生都在谈论此现象。In recent years, the phenomenon of waste on campus has been rather serious, and both students and teachers have been talking about it. (23ws)非常: quite, pretty, fairly, somewhat, relatively, reasonably, to a certain extent 当前社会上存在着许多不诚实现象，并且此现象引起了人们的普遍关注。In recent years, ther

25、e has existed a phenomenon of dishonesty almost everywhere in the society, it has also aroused peoples universal concern. (22ws)3、复合句开篇非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句放于全句之后，用逗号隔开，内容多为个人对全句所说现象的评论或句子中心名词的描述。目前，随着科学技术的迅猛发展，数字化产品被越来越广泛的使用于日常生活中，此事对各行各业的人们都很有价值。Nowadays with the rapid development of science and techno

26、logy, (1)more and more digital products are commonly and widely used in everyday life，which (2)have been of great value for people in different fields. (33ws)be + 形容词(该词的名词为抽象名词时)同义转换be + of + 该形容词的名词形式be of use be useful be of importance be importantbe of help be helpfulbe of value be valuablebe of

27、 interest be interestingbe of quality be qualifiedbe of necessity be necessary “越来越”修饰形容词：相当于副词 more and more +形容词 =increasingly +形容词 more and more serious = increasingly serious应用非限定性定语从句开篇句模板： Nowadays with the rapid development of, more and moreare commonly and widely used in everyday life（越来越的表达

28、）, which have been of great +抽象名词 for people in different fields. 模板篇 功能句组合开篇法:万能现象引出句 Among all the popular issues that individuals are talking about recently，one of the hottest is about The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that have been prevalent and widespread growingly in our mode

29、rn society. How should we handle/regard？ 回答 Attitudes towards the issue often differ sharply/widely. 回答 The answers to this question usually vary from person to person. 回答 Gradually，distinctive attitudes emerge towards the issue.万能问题引出句 With the development of, nothing is more serious than As a matt

30、er of fact, citizens of china are facing a problem of With the development of, the problem of , which citizens of china are facing is of most seriousness. Along with the reform and opening up to the outside world,has become increasingly serious than ever.万能论点引出句 is a sentence full of logic and philo

31、sophy, which has been generally accepted. It is well known to us all that whatever one does, he should do it with . 万能观点引出句 We find some citizens hold the opinion that( 甲方观点 ) Others prefer the opposite one that(乙方观点) Others are in favor of the opposite one that(乙方观点) Others approve of the opposite

32、one that(乙方观点)1.表示内容相反的词：与之相反 On the contrary， By contrast， By comparison， Unlike it， We find some citizens hold the opinion that On the contrary，others prefer the opposite one that 2.时间状语：同时 At the same time， Meanwhile， Simultaneously We find some citizens hold the opinion that Simultaneously，other

33、s prefer the opposite one that 3.提出我的看法(观点)： In my opinion/view， From my point of view， 如果说到我， When it comes to me， 后半句： It is + adj.比较级 + to choose the former/the latter 而不是相反的观点 rather than the opposite one When it comes to me，it is more to choose the former/the latter，rather than the opposite one

34、 合适：appropriate 明智：advisable功能句组合法的使用 现象解释型：万能套用句（现象解释） 阐述中性观点： has changed the way in which our society develops，But its bright side should not keep us following its dark side. All that has done for our society seem like a big step forward in the right direction, however it has also brought along w

35、ith it a great anxiety to the masses has made a enormous influence to the human progress，but it does not mean that this phenomenon does no threat to our society.结尾句： It is no simple task to offer the reasons for this phenomenon which involves more than one complicated factor.Since their concepts cov

36、er vast fields, is never easy to be defined precisely and fixedly. 功能句组合法的使用问题解决型：万能套用句（问题解决）： fairly has a bad effect/influence on the speedy development of the modern society. Although life of citizens have been dramatically changed, it must be admitted that the damage caused by every year is stup

37、endous. has left/made people throughout the country panic and confused, who no longer have a sense of safety强调重要性The truth seems to be deep and profound. The truth seems to be self-evident, especially for those who are facing with drawbacks or hardships. There is no denying the fact that, in our cou

38、ntry, is essential to the overall development of society.反证法： If you has no , you are impossible to achieve anything . Hardly can anyone achieve success in his career or study without.总结句 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that the significance of can not be overemphasized in modern society

39、 It must be admitted that keep peoples spirits up no matter what things or times are formidable for them.扩展段写法专题扩展段的作用： 万能理由 从物质和意识两方面来进行思考 物质： 环境、经济、科技、社会、生活、安全、便利、花费 意识： 知识、沟通、性格、情感、爱好、效率、健康、经验 无论遇到什么题目，都从以上方面进行思考影响的扩展 影响扩展的三方面： 影响引出句+串联词+产生的影响 串联词： 三点论：首先，其次，最后 两点论：一方面，另一方面 On one hand，On the oth

40、er (hand)， For one thing，For another (thing)， From one aspect，From another (aspect)，影响引出句1、直接陈述导出： It is as clear as the writing on the wall that will have influence on the following aspects We do not have to look very far to find out the effects of this phenomenon on all aspects around us. 2、被动语态导出

41、： The effects of this phenomenon can be shown/ listed in the following aspects. 好的影响作用、坏的影响危害 用来表达“好”的词汇： good, nice适宜的： proper, appropriate, suitable, apposite, pertinent, relevant有利的： beneficial, helpful, useful, valuable, advantageous, positive, favorable, constructive 用来表达“坏”的词汇： bad, not good 不

42、恰当的： improper, inappropriate, offensive unacceptable, indecent, unseemly 有害的： harmful, damaging, dangerous, destructive, hazardous, disastrous 如何找影响？ 环境、经济、科技、社会、生活、安全、便利、花费 知识、沟通、性格、情感、爱好、效率、健康、经验 从16个万能理由方面思考，总会有你想要的 如何表达影响？ 简单句即可，正确是唯一目标表达影响的句式和词组表达物质方面的影响：1. A给 B施加/带来了影响 A exert/bring impact on

43、Bexert=cause, arouse, breed, engender give rise toimpact=influence，effect表达影响的句式和词组 2. A 在 B上起了作用 A perform a function in B 大作用: great, significant，crucial，essential，vital，imperative 小作用： little，slight表达影响的句式和词组 经济： 对经济有很好/很坏的影响 exerts the dramatically desirable /discouraging impact on economy 对经济有很

44、大/很小影响 performs a great/little function in economy 环境： 对环境有很好/很坏的影响 brings the dramatically desirable /discouraging influence on environment 对环境有很大/很小影响 performs a significant / slight function in environment 3.促进/阻碍了的发展/进步/改善 促进：promote、accelerate、advance、further 阻碍： delay、hinder、obstruct、retard 发展：progress、development、advancement improvement、amelioration 社会： 促进/阻碍了社会的进步